Attention aware virtual assistant dismissal

ABSTRACT

Systems and processes for operating an intelligent automated assistant are provided. An example process includes initiating a virtual assistant session responsive to receiving user input. In accordance with initiating the virtual assistant session, the process includes determining, based on data obtained using one or more sensors of the electronic device, whether one or more criteria representing expressed user disinterest are satisfied. In accordance with determining that the one or more criteria representing expressed user disinterest are satisfied prior to a first time, the process includes automatically deactivating the virtual assistant session prior to the first time. The first time is defined by a setting of the electronic device. In accordance with determining that the one or more criteria representing expressed user disinterest are not satisfied prior to the first time, the process includes automatically deactivating the virtual assistant session at the first time.

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.16/885,027, entitled “ATTENTION AWARE VIRTUAL ASSISTANT DISMISSAL,”filed on May 27, 2020, which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 16/039,099, entitled “ATTENTION AWARE VIRTUALASSISTANT DISMISSAL,” filed on Jul. 18, 2018, which claims priority toU.S. Patent Application No. 62/679,332, entitled “ATTENTION AWAREVIRTUAL ASSISTANT DISMISSAL, filed on Jun. 1, 2018. The contents of eachof these applications are hereby incorporated by reference in theirentireties.

FIELD

This relates generally to intelligent automated assistants and, morespecifically, to efficient dismissal of intelligent automated assistantsessions.

BACKGROUND

Intelligent automated assistants (or digital assistants) can provide abeneficial interface between human users and electronic devices. Suchassistants can allow users to interact with devices or systems usingnatural language in spoken and/or text forms. For example, a user canprovide a speech input containing a user request to a digital assistantoperating on an electronic device. The digital assistant can interpretthe user's intent from the speech input and operationalize the user'sintent into tasks. The tasks can then be performed by executing one ormore services of the electronic device, and a relevant output responsiveto the user request can be returned to the user.

Operating a digital assistant requires electric power, which is alimited resource on handheld or portable devices that rely on batteriesand on which digital assistants often run. Accordingly, it can bedesirable to operate a digital assistant in an energy efficient manner.

SUMMARY

Example methods are disclosed herein. An example method includes, at anelectronic device having one or more processors, initiating a virtualassistant session responsive to receiving user input. In accordance withinitiating the virtual assistant session, the method includesdetermining, based on data obtained using one or more sensors of theelectronic device, whether one or more criteria representing expresseduser disinterest are satisfied. In accordance with determining that theone or more criteria representing expressed user disinterest aresatisfied prior to a first time, the method includes automaticallydeactivating the virtual assistant session prior to the first time. Thefirst time is defined by a setting of the electronic device. Inaccordance with determining that the one or more criteria representingexpressed user disinterest are not satisfied prior to the first time,the method includes automatically deactivating the virtual assistantsession at the first time.

Example non-transitory computer-readable media are disclosed herein. Anexample non-transitory computer-readable storage medium stores one ormore programs. The one or more programs comprise instructions, whichwhen executed by one or more processors of an electronic device, causethe electronic device to: initiate a virtual assistant sessionresponsive to receiving user input; in accordance with initiating thevirtual assistant session, determine, based on data obtained using oneor more sensors of the electronic device, whether one or more criteriarepresenting expressed user disinterest are satisfied; and in accordancewith determining that the one or more criteria representing expresseduser disinterest are satisfied prior to a first time, automaticallydeactivate the virtual assistant session prior to the first time,wherein the first time is defined by a setting of the electronic device,and in accordance with determining that the one or more criteriarepresenting expressed user disinterest are not satisfied prior to thefirst time, automatically deactivate the virtual assistant session atthe first time.

Example electronic devices are disclosed herein. An example electronicdevice comprises one or more processors; a memory; and one or moreprograms, where the one or more programs are stored in the memory andconfigured to be executed by the one or more processors, the one or moreprograms including instructions for: initiating a virtual assistantsession responsive to receiving user input, in accordance withinitiating the virtual assistant session, determining, based on dataobtained using one or more sensors of the electronic device, whether oneor more criteria representing expressed user disinterest are satisfied;and in accordance with determining that the one or more criteriarepresenting expressed user disinterest are satisfied prior to a firsttime, automatically deactivating the virtual assistant session prior tothe first time, wherein the first time is defined by a setting of theelectronic device; and in accordance with determining that the one ormore criteria representing expressed user disinterest are not satisfiedprior to the first time, automatically deactivating the virtualassistant session at the first time.

An example electronic device comprises means for: initiating a virtualassistant session responsive to receiving user input; in accordance withinitiating the virtual assistant session, determining, based on dataobtained using one or more sensors of the electronic device, whether oneor more criteria representing expressed user disinterest are satisfied;and in accordance with determining that the one or more criteriarepresenting expressed user disinterest are satisfied prior to a firsttime, automatically deactivating the virtual assistant session prior tothe first time, wherein the first time is defined by a setting of theelectronic device; and in accordance with determining that the one ormore criteria representing expressed user disinterest are not satisfiedprior to the first time, automatically deactivating the virtualassistant session at the first time.

Example methods are disclosed herein. An example method includes, at anelectronic device having one or more processors: initiating a virtualassistant session responsive to receiving user input; in accordance withinitiating the virtual assistant session, determining, based on dataobtained using one or more sensors of the electronic device, whether oneor more criteria representing expressed user engagement are satisfied;in accordance with determining that the one or more criteriarepresenting expressed user engagement are satisfied prior to a firsttime, forgoing deactivating the virtual assistant session at the firsttime, wherein the first time is a predetermined duration after a secondtime at which a final result for the virtual assistant session ispresented; and in accordance with determining that the one or morecriteria representing expressed user engagement are not satisfied priorto the first time, deactivating the virtual assistant session at thefirst time.

Example non-transitory computer-readable media are disclosed herein. Anexample non-transitory computer-readable storage medium stores one ormore programs. The one or more programs comprise instructions, whichwhen executed by one or more processors of an electronic device, causethe electronic device to: initiate a virtual assistant sessionresponsive to receiving user input; in accordance with initiating thevirtual assistant session, determine, based on data obtained using oneor more sensors of the electronic device, whether one or more criteriarepresenting expressed user engagement are satisfied; in accordance withdetermining that the one or more criteria representing expressed userengagement are satisfied prior to a first time, forgo deactivating thevirtual assistant session at the first time, wherein the first time is apredetermined duration after a second time at which a final result forthe virtual assistant session is presented; and in accordance withdetermining that the one or more criteria representing expressed userengagement are not satisfied prior to the first time, deactivate thevirtual assistant session at the first time.

Example electronic devices are disclosed herein. An example electronicdevice comprises one or more processors; a memory; and one or moreprograms, where the one or more programs are stored in the memory andconfigured to be executed by the one or more processors, the one or moreprograms including instructions for: initiating a virtual assistantsession responsive to receiving user input; in accordance withinitiating the virtual assistant session, determining, based on dataobtained using one or more sensors of the electronic device, whether oneor more criteria representing expressed user engagement are satisfied;in accordance with determining that the one or more criteriarepresenting expressed user engagement are satisfied prior to a firsttime, forgoing deactivating the virtual assistant session at the firsttime, wherein the first time is a predetermined duration after a secondtime at which a final result for the virtual assistant session ispresented; and in accordance with determining that the one or morecriteria representing expressed user engagement are not satisfied priorto the first time, deactivating the virtual assistant session at thefirst time.

An example electronic device comprises means for: initiating a virtualassistant session responsive to receiving user input; in accordance withinitiating the virtual assistant session, determining, based on dataobtained using one or more sensors of the electronic device, whether oneor more criteria representing expressed user engagement are satisfied;in accordance with determining that the one or more criteriarepresenting expressed user engagement are satisfied prior to a firsttime, forgoing deactivating the virtual assistant session at the firsttime, wherein the first time is a predetermined duration after a secondtime at which a final result for the virtual assistant session ispresented; and in accordance with determining that the one or morecriteria representing expressed user engagement are not satisfied priorto the first time, deactivating the virtual assistant session at thefirst time.

Determining, based on data obtained using one or more sensors of theelectronic device, whether one or more criteria representing expresseduser disinterest are satisfied (and/or whether one or more criteriarepresenting expressed user engagement are satisfied) allowsdetermination of whether a user is engaged with a virtual assistantsession. Knowing whether a user is engaged allows intelligent decisionmaking about whether to deactivate the virtual assistant session. Forexample, if the user is not engaged, a device can deactivate the virtualassistant session to save battery and processing power. As anotherexample, if the user is engaged, the device can forgo deactivating thevirtual assistant session so the user can continue interacting with thevirtual assistant session (and so the virtual assistant session does notdeactivate while the user is still interacting with it). In this manner,the user-device interface is made more efficient (e.g., by deactivatinga virtual assistant session when a user is not engaged with it, bypreventing deactivation of a virtual assistant session while the user isactively engaged with it, or by reducing user input to re-initiate anincorrectly deactivated virtual assistant session) which additionally,reduces power usage and improves battery life of the device by enablingthe user to use the device more quickly and efficiently.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a system and environment forimplementing a digital assistant, according to various examples.

FIG. 2A is a block diagram illustrating a portable multifunction deviceimplementing the client-side portion of a digital assistant, accordingto various examples.

FIG. 2B is a block diagram illustrating exemplary components for eventhandling, according to various examples.

FIG. 3 illustrates a portable multifunction device implementing theclient-side portion of a digital assistant, according to variousexamples.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an exemplary multifunction device with adisplay and a touch-sensitive surface, according to various examples.

FIG. 5A illustrates an exemplary user interface for a menu ofapplications on a portable multifunction device, according to variousexamples.

FIG. 5B illustrates an exemplary user interface for a multifunctiondevice with a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from the display,according to various examples.

FIG. 6A illustrates a personal electronic device, according to variousexamples.

FIG. 6B is a block diagram illustrating a personal electronic device,according to various examples.

FIG. 7A is a block diagram illustrating a digital assistant system or aserver portion thereof, according to various examples.

FIG. 7B illustrates the functions of the digital assistant shown in FIG.7A, according to various examples.

FIG. 7C illustrates a portion of an ontology, according to variousexamples.

FIGS. 8A-D depict exemplary techniques for operating a digital assistantat an electronic device.

FIG. 9 illustrates a block diagram of a system configured to operate adigital assistant session according to various examples.

FIGS. 10A-B illustrate a process for operating a digital assistantaccording to various examples.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description of examples, reference is made to theaccompanying drawings in which are shown by way of illustration specificexamples that can be practiced. It is to be understood that otherexamples can be used and structural changes can be made withoutdeparting from the scope of the various examples.

The present disclosure generally relates to determining whether todeactivate a virtual assistant session based on determining whether auser is engaged with the virtual assistant session. For example, if auser is not engaged with a virtual assistant session, the virtualassistant session may be automatically deactivated to conserve batteryand processing power. If a user is engaged with the virtual assistantsession, automatic deactivation of the virtual assistant may be forgoneor delayed so the virtual assistant session does not deactivate whilethe user is engaged. In this manner, user experience operating virtualassistants is improved.

Although the following description uses terms “first,” “second,” etc. todescribe various elements, these elements should not be limited by theterms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element fromanother. For example, a first input could be termed a second input, and,similarly, a second input could be termed a first input, withoutdeparting from the scope of the various described examples. The firstinput and the second input are both inputs and, in some cases, areseparate and different inputs.

The terminology used in the description of the various describedexamples herein is for the purpose of describing particular examplesonly and is not intended to be limiting. As used in the description ofthe various described examples and the appended claims, the singularforms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms aswell, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will also beunderstood that the term “and/or” as used herein refers to andencompasses any and all possible combinations of one or more of theassociated listed items. It will be further understood that the terms“includes,” “including,” “comprises,” and/or “comprising,” when used inthis specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers,steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude thepresence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps,operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.

The term “if” may be construed to mean “when” or “upon” or “in responseto determining” or “in response to detecting,” depending on the context.Similarly, the phrase “if it is determined” or “if [a stated conditionor event] is detected” may be construed to mean “upon determining” or“in response to determining” or “upon detecting [the stated condition orevent]” or “in response to detecting [the stated condition or event],”depending on the context.

1. System and Environment

FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of system 100 according to variousexamples. In some examples, system 100 implements a digital assistant.The terms “digital assistant,” “virtual assistant,” “intelligentautomated assistant,” or “automatic digital assistant” refer to anyinformation processing system that interprets natural language input inspoken and/or textual form to infer user intent, and performs actionsbased on the inferred user intent. For example, to act on an inferreduser intent, the system performs one or more of the following:identifying a task flow with steps and parameters designed to accomplishthe inferred user intent, inputting specific requirements from theinferred user intent into the task flow: executing the task flow byinvoking programs, methods, services, APIs, or the like; and generatingoutput responses to the user in an audible (e.g., speech) and/or visualform.

Specifically, a digital assistant is capable of accepting a user requestat least partially in the form of a natural language command, request,statement, narrative, and/or inquiry. Typically, the user request seekseither an informational answer or performance of a task by the digitalassistant. A satisfactory response to the user request includes aprovision of the requested informational answer, a performance of therequested task, or a combination of the two. For example, a user asksthe digital assistant a question, such as “Where am I right now?” Basedon the user's current location, the digital assistant answers, “You arein Central Park near the west gate.” The user also requests theperformance of a task, for example, “Please invite my friends to mygirlfriend's birthday party next week.” In response, the digitalassistant can acknowledge the request by saying “Yes, right away,” andthen send a suitable calendar invite on behalf of the user to each ofthe user's friends listed in the user's electronic address book. Duringperformance of a requested task, the digital assistant sometimesinteracts with the user in a continuous dialogue involving multipleexchanges of information over an extended period of time. There arenumerous other ways of interacting with a digital assistant to requestinformation or performance of various tasks. In addition to providingverbal responses and taking programmed actions, the digital assistantalso provides responses in other visual or audio forms, e.g., as text,alerts, music, videos, animations, etc.

As shown in FIG. 1, in some examples, a digital assistant is implementedaccording to a client-server model. The digital assistant includesclient-side portion 102 (hereafter “DA client 102”) executed on userdevice 104 and server-side portion 106 (hereafter “DA server 106”)executed on server system 108. DA client 102 communicates with DA server106 through one or more networks 110. DA client 102 provides client-sidefunctionalities such as user-facing input and output processing andcommunication with DA server 106. DA server 106 provides server-sidefunctionalities for any number of DA clients 102 each residing on arespective user device 104.

In some examples, DA server 106 includes client-facing I/O interface112, one or more processing modules 114, data and models 116, and I/Ointerface to external services 118. The client-facing I/O interface 112facilitates the client-facing input and output processing for DA server106. One or more processing modules 114 utilize data and models 116 toprocess speech input and determine the user's intent based on naturallanguage input. Further, one or more processing modules 114 perform taskexecution based on inferred user intent. In some examples, DA server 106communicates with external services 120 through network(s) 110 for taskcompletion or information acquisition. I/O interface to externalservices 118 facilitates such communications.

User device 104 can be any suitable electronic device. In some examples,user device 104 is a portable multifunctional device (e.g., device 200,described below with reference to FIG. 2A), a multifunctional device(e.g., device 400, described below with reference to FIG. 4), or apersonal electronic device (e.g., device 600, described below withreference to FIG. 6A-B.) A portable multifunctional device is, forexample, a mobile telephone that also contains other functions, such asPDA and/or music player functions. Specific examples of portablemultifunction devices include the Apple Watch®, iPhone®, iPod Touch®,and iPad® devices from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif. Other examples ofportable multifunction devices include, without limitation,earphones/headphones, speakers, and laptop or tablet computers. Further,in some examples, user device 104 is a non-portable multifunctionaldevice. In particular, user device 104 is a desktop computer, a gameconsole, a speaker, a television, or a television set-top box. In someexamples, user device 104 includes a touch-sensitive surface (e.g.,touch screen displays and/or touchpads). Further, user device 104optionally includes one or more other physical user-interface devices,such as a physical keyboard, a mouse, and/or a joystick. Variousexamples of electronic devices, such as multifunctional devices, aredescribed below in greater detail.

Examples of communication network(s) 110 include local area networks(LAN) and wide area networks (WAN), e.g., the Internet. Communicationnetwork(s) 110 is implemented using any known network protocol,including various wired or wireless protocols, such as, for example,Ethernet, Universal Serial Bus (USB), FIREWIRE, Global System for MobileCommunications (GSM), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), codedivision multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA),Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), Wi-MAX, or anyother suitable communication protocol.

Server system 108 is implemented on one or more standalone dataprocessing apparatus or a distributed network of computers. In someexamples, server system 108 also employs various virtual devices and/orservices of third-party service providers (e.g., third-party cloudservice providers) to provide the underlying computing resources and/orinfrastructure resources of server system 108.

In some examples, user device 104 communicates with DA server 106 viasecond user device 122. Second user device 122 is similar or identicalto user device 104. For example, second user device 122 is similar todevices 200, 400, or 600 described below with reference to FIGS. 2A, 4,and 6A-B. User device 104 is configured to communicatively couple tosecond user device 122 via a direct communication connection, such asBluetooth, NFC, BTLE, or the like, or via a wired or wireless network,such as a local Wi-Fi network. In some examples, second user device 122is configured to act as a proxy between user device 104 and DA server106. For example, DA client 102 of user device 104 is configured totransmit information (e.g., a user request received at user device 104)to DA server 106 via second user device 122. DA server 106 processes theinformation and returns relevant data (e.g., data content responsive tothe user request) to user device 104 via second user device 122.

In some examples, user device 104 is configured to communicateabbreviated requests for data to second user device 122 to reduce theamount of information transmitted from user device 104. Second userdevice 122 is configured to determine supplemental information to add tothe abbreviated request to generate a complete request to transmit to DAserver 106. This system architecture can advantageously allow userdevice 104 having limited communication capabilities and/or limitedbattery power (e.g., a watch or a similar compact electronic device) toaccess services provided by DA server 106 by using second user device122, having greater communication capabilities and/or battery power(e.g., a mobile phone, laptop computer, tablet computer, or the like),as a proxy to DA server 106. While only two user devices 104 and 122 areshown in FIG. 1, it should be appreciated that system 100, in someexamples, includes any number and type of user devices configured inthis proxy configuration to communicate with DA server system 106.

Although the digital assistant shown in FIG. 1 includes both aclient-side portion (e.g., DA client 102) and a server-side portion(e.g., DA server 106), in some examples, the functions of a digitalassistant are implemented as a standalone application installed on auser device. In addition, the divisions of functionalities between theclient and server portions of the digital assistant can vary indifferent implementations. For instance, in some examples, the DA clientis a thin-client that provides only user-facing input and outputprocessing functions, and delegates all other functionalities of thedigital assistant to a backend server.

2. Electronic Devices

Attention is now directed toward embodiments of electronic devices forimplementing the client-side portion of a digital assistant. FIG. 2A isa block diagram illustrating portable multifunction device 200 withtouch-sensitive display system 212 in accordance with some embodiments.Touch-sensitive display 212 is sometimes called a “touch screen” forconvenience and is sometimes known as or called a “touch-sensitivedisplay system.” Device 200 includes memory 202 (which optionallyincludes one or more computer-readable storage mediums), memorycontroller 222, one or more processing units (CPUs) 220, peripheralsinterface 218, RF circuitry 208, audio circuitry 210, speaker 211,microphone 213, input/output (I/O) subsystem 206, other input controldevices 216, and external port 224. Device 200 optionally includes oneor more optical sensors 264. Device 200 optionally includes one or morecontact intensity sensors 265 for detecting intensity of contacts ondevice 200 (e.g., a touch-sensitive surface such as touch-sensitivedisplay system 212 of device 200). Device 200 optionally includes one ormore tactile output generators 267 for generating tactile outputs ondevice 200 (e.g., generating tactile outputs on a touch-sensitivesurface such as touch-sensitive display system 212 of device 200 ortouchpad 455 of device 400). These components optionally communicateover one or more communication buses or signal lines 203.

As used in the specification and claims, the term “intensity” of acontact on a touch-sensitive surface refers to the force or pressure(force per unit area) of a contact (e.g., a finger contact) on thetouch-sensitive surface, or to a substitute (proxy) for the force orpressure of a contact on the touch-sensitive surface. The intensity of acontact has a range of values that includes at least four distinctvalues and more typically includes hundreds of distinct values (e.g., atleast 256). Intensity of a contact is, optionally, determined (ormeasured) using various approaches and various sensors or combinationsof sensors. For example, one or more force sensors underneath oradjacent to the touch-sensitive surface are, optionally, used to measureforce at various points on the touch-sensitive surface. In someimplementations, force measurements from multiple force sensors arecombined (e.g., a weighted average) to determine an estimated force of acontact. Similarly, a pressure-sensitive tip of a stylus is, optionally,used to determine a pressure of the stylus on the touch-sensitivesurface. Alternatively, the size of the contact area detected on thetouch-sensitive surface and/or changes thereto, the capacitance of thetouch-sensitive surface proximate to the contact and/or changes thereto,and/or the resistance of the touch-sensitive surface proximate to thecontact and/or changes thereto are, optionally, used as a substitute forthe force or pressure of the contact on the touch-sensitive surface. Insome implementations, the substitute measurements for contact force orpressure are used directly to determine whether an intensity thresholdhas been exceeded (e.g., the intensity threshold is described in unitscorresponding to the substitute measurements). In some implementations,the substitute measurements for contact force or pressure are convertedto an estimated force or pressure, and the estimated force or pressureis used to determine whether an intensity threshold has been exceeded(e.g., the intensity threshold is a pressure threshold measured in unitsof pressure). Using the intensity of a contact as an attribute of a userinput allows for user access to additional device functionality that mayotherwise not be accessible by the user on a reduced-size device withlimited real estate for displaying affordances (e.g., on atouch-sensitive display) and/or receiving user input (e.g., via atouch-sensitive display, a touch-sensitive surface, or aphysical/mechanical control such as a knob or a button).

As used in the specification and claims, the term “tactile output”refers to physical displacement of a device relative to a previousposition of the device, physical displacement of a component (e.g., atouch-sensitive surface) of a device relative to another component(e.g., housing) of the device, or displacement of the component relativeto a center of mass of the device that will be detected by a user withthe user's sense of touch. For example, in situations where the deviceor the component of the device is in contact with a surface of a userthat is sensitive to touch (e.g., a finger, palm, or other part of auser's hand), the tactile output generated by the physical displacementwill be interpreted by the user as a tactile sensation corresponding toa perceived change in physical characteristics of the device or thecomponent of the device. For example, movement of a touch-sensitivesurface (e.g., a touch-sensitive display or trackpad) is, optionally,interpreted by the user as a “down click” or “up click” of a physicalactuator button. In some cases, a user will feel a tactile sensationsuch as an “down click” or “up click” even when there is no movement ofa physical actuator button associated with the touch-sensitive surfacethat is physically pressed (e.g., displaced) by the user's movements. Asanother example, movement of the touch-sensitive surface is, optionally,interpreted or sensed by the user as “roughness” of the touch-sensitivesurface, even when there is no change in smoothness of thetouch-sensitive surface. While such interpretations of touch by a userwill be subject to the individualized sensory perceptions of the user,there are many sensory perceptions of touch that are common to a largemajority of users. Thus, when a tactile output is described ascorresponding to a particular sensory perception of a user (e.g., an “upclick,” a “down click,” “roughness”), unless otherwise stated, thegenerated tactile output corresponds to physical displacement of thedevice or a component thereof that will generate the described sensoryperception for a typical (or average) user.

It should be appreciated that device 200 is only one example of aportable multifunction device, and that device 200 optionally has moreor fewer components than shown, optionally combines two or morecomponents, or optionally has a different configuration or arrangementof the components. The various components shown in FIG. 2A areimplemented in hardware, software, or a combination of both hardware andsoftware, including one or more signal processing and/orapplication-specific integrated circuits.

Memory 202 includes one or more computer-readable storage mediums. Thecomputer-readable storage mediums are, for example, tangible andnon-transitory. Memory 202 includes high-speed random access memory andalso includes non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic diskstorage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid-statememory devices. Memory controller 222 controls access to memory 202 byother components of device 200.

In some examples, a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium ofmemory 202 is used to store instructions (e.g., for performing aspectsof processes described below) for use by or in connection with aninstruction execution system, apparatus, or device, such as acomputer-based system, processor-containing system, or other system thatcan fetch the instructions from the instruction execution system,apparatus, or device and execute the instructions. In other examples,the instructions (e.g., for performing aspects of the processesdescribed below) are stored on a non-transitory computer-readablestorage medium (not shown) of the server system 108 or are dividedbetween the non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of memory202 and the non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of serversystem 108.

Peripherals interface 218 is used to couple input and output peripheralsof the device to CPU 220 and memory 202. The one or more processors 220run or execute various software programs and/or sets of instructionsstored in memory 202 to perform various functions for device 200 and toprocess data. In some embodiments, peripherals interface 218, CPU 220,and memory controller 222 are implemented on a single chip, such as chip204. In some other embodiments, they are implemented on separate chips.

RF (radio frequency) circuitry 208 receives and sends RF signals, alsocalled electromagnetic signals. RF circuitry 208 converts electricalsignals to/from electromagnetic signals and communicates withcommunications networks and other communications devices via theelectromagnetic signals. RF circuitry 208 optionally includes well-knowncircuitry for performing these functions, including but not limited toan antenna system, an RF transceiver, one or more amplifiers, a tuner,one or more oscillators, a digital signal processor, a CODEC chipset, asubscriber identity module (SIM) card, memory, and so forth. RFcircuitry 208 optionally communicates with networks, such as theInternet, also referred to as the World Wide Web (WWW), an intranetand/or a wireless network, such as a cellular telephone network, awireless local area network (LAN) and/or a metropolitan area network(MAN), and other devices by wireless communication. The RF circuitry 208optionally includes well-known circuitry for detecting near fieldcommunication (NFC) fields, such as by a short-range communicationradio. The wireless communication optionally uses any of a plurality ofcommunications standards, protocols, and technologies, including but notlimited to Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced DataGSM Environment (EDGE), high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA),high-speed uplink packet access (HSUPA), Evolution, Data-Only (EV-DO),HSPA, HSPA+, Dual-Cell HSPA (DC-HSPDA), long term evolution (LTE), nearfield communication (NFC), wideband code division multiple access(W-CDMA), code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multipleaccess (TDMA), Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low Energy (BTLE), Wireless Fidelity(Wi-Fi) (e.g., IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g, IEEE 802.11n,and/or IEEE 802.11ac), voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), Wi-MAX, aprotocol for e mail (e.g., Internet message access protocol (IMAP)and/or post office protocol (POP)), instant messaging (e.g., extensiblemessaging and presence protocol (XMPP), Session Initiation Protocol forInstant Messaging and Presence Leveraging Extensions (SIMPLE), InstantMessaging and Presence Service (IMPS)), and/or Short Message Service(SMS), or any other suitable communication protocol, includingcommunication protocols not yet developed as of the filing date of thisdocument.

Audio circuitry 210, speaker 211, and microphone 213 provide an audiointerface between a user and device 200. Audio circuitry 210 receivesaudio data from peripherals interface 218, converts the audio data to anelectrical signal, and transmits the electrical signal to speaker 211.Speaker 211 converts the electrical signal to human-audible sound waves.Audio circuitry 210 also receives electrical signals converted bymicrophone 213 from sound waves. Audio circuitry 210 converts theelectrical signal to audio data and transmits the audio data toperipherals interface 218 for processing. Audio data are retrieved fromand/or transmitted to memory 202 and/or RF circuitry 208 by peripheralsinterface 218. In some embodiments, audio circuitry 210 also includes aheadset jack (e.g., 312, FIG. 3). The headset jack provides an interfacebetween audio circuitry 210 and removable audio input/outputperipherals, such as output-only headphones or a headset with bothoutput (e.g., a headphone for one or both ears) and input (e.g., amicrophone).

I/O subsystem 206 couples input/output peripherals on device 200, suchas touch screen 212 and other input control devices 216, to peripheralsinterface 218. I/O subsystem 206 optionally includes display controller256, optical sensor controller 258, intensity sensor controller 259,haptic feedback controller 261, and one or more input controllers 260for other input or control devices. The one or more input controllers260 receive/send electrical signals from/to other input control devices216. The other input control devices 216 optionally include physicalbuttons (e.g., push buttons, rocker buttons, etc.), dials, sliderswitches, joysticks, click wheels, and so forth. In some alternateembodiments, input controller(s) 260 are, optionally, coupled to any (ornone) of the following: a keyboard, an infrared port, a USB port, and apointer device such as a mouse. The one or more buttons (e.g., 308, FIG.3) optionally include an up/down button for volume control of speaker211 and/or microphone 213. The one or more buttons optionally include apush button (e.g., 306, FIG. 3).

A quick press of the push button disengages a lock of touch screen 212or begin a process that uses gestures on the touch screen to unlock thedevice, as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/322,549,“Unlocking a Device by Performing Gestures on an Unlock Image,” filedDec. 23, 2005, U.S. Pat. No. 7,657,849, which is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety. A longer press of the push button (e.g., 306)turns power to device 200 on or off. The user is able to customize afunctionality of one or more of the buttons. Touch screen 212 is used toimplement virtual or soft buttons and one or more soft keyboards.

Touch-sensitive display 212 provides an input interface and an outputinterface between the device and a user. Display controller 256 receivesand/or sends electrical signals from/to touch screen 212. Touch screen212 displays visual output to the user. The visual output includesgraphics, text, icons, video, and any combination thereof (collectivelytermed “graphics”). In some embodiments, some or all of the visualoutput correspond to user-interface objects.

Touch screen 212 has a touch-sensitive surface, sensor, or set ofsensors that accepts input from the user based on haptic and/or tactilecontact. Touch screen 212 and display controller 256 (along with anyassociated modules and/or sets of instructions in memory 202) detectcontact (and any movement or breaking of the contact) on touch screen212 and convert the detected contact into interaction withuser-interface objects (e.g., one or more soft keys, icons, web pages,or images) that are displayed on touch screen 212. In an exemplaryembodiment, a point of contact between touch screen 212 and the usercorresponds to a finger of the user.

Touch screen 212 uses LCD (liquid crystal display) technology, LPD(light emitting polymer display) technology, or LED (light emittingdiode) technology, although other display technologies may be used inother embodiments. Touch screen 212 and display controller 256 detectcontact and any movement or breaking thereof using any of a plurality oftouch sensing technologies now known or later developed, including butnot limited to capacitive, resistive, infrared, and surface acousticwave technologies, as well as other proximity sensor arrays or otherelements for determining one or more points of contact with touch screen212. In an exemplary embodiment, projected mutual capacitance sensingtechnology is used, such as that found in the iPhone® and iPod Touch®from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.

A touch-sensitive display in some embodiments of touch screen 212 isanalogous to the multi-touch sensitive touchpads described in thefollowing U.S. Pat. No. 6,323,846 (Westerman et al.), U.S. Pat. No.6,570,557 (Westerman et al.), and/or U.S. Pat. No. 6,677,932(Westerman), and/or U.S. Patent Publication 2002/0015024A1, each ofwhich is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. However,touch screen 212 displays visual output from device 200, whereastouch-sensitive touchpads do not provide visual output.

A touch-sensitive display in some embodiments of touch screen 212 is asdescribed in the following applications: (1) U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 11/381,313, “Multipoint Touch Surface Controller,” filed May 2,2006; (2) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/840,862, “MultipointTouchscreen,” filed May 6, 2004; (3) U.S. patent application Ser. No.10/903,964, “Gestures For Touch Sensitive Input Devices,” filed Jul. 30,2004; (4) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/048,264, “Gestures ForTouch Sensitive Input Devices,” filed Jan. 31, 2005; (5) U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 11/038,590, “Mode-Based Graphical User InterfacesFor Touch Sensitive Input Devices,” filed Jan. 18, 2005; (6) U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 11/228,758, “Virtual Input Device Placement On ATouch Screen User Interface,” filed Sep. 16, 2005; (7) U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 11/228,700, “Operation Of A Computer With A TouchScreen Interface,” filed Sep. 16, 2005; (8) U.S. patent application Ser.No. 11/228,737, “Activating Virtual Keys Of A Touch-Screen VirtualKeyboard,” filed Sep. 16, 2005; and (9) U.S. patent application Ser. No.11/367,749, “Multi-Functional Hand-Held Device,” filed Mar. 3, 2006. Allof these applications are incorporated by reference herein in theirentirety.

Touch screen 212 has, for example, a video resolution in excess of 100dpi. In some embodiments, the touch screen has a video resolution ofapproximately 160 dpi. The user makes contact with touch screen 212using any suitable object or appendage, such as a stylus, a finger, andso forth. In some embodiments, the user interface is designed to workprimarily with finger-based contacts and gestures, which can be lessprecise than stylus-based input due to the larger area of contact of afinger on the touch screen. In some embodiments, the device translatesthe rough finger-based input into a precise pointer/cursor position orcommand for performing the actions desired by the user.

In some embodiments, in addition to the touch screen, device 200includes a touchpad (not shown) for activating or deactivatingparticular functions. In some embodiments, the touchpad is atouch-sensitive area of the device that, unlike the touch screen, doesnot display visual output. The touchpad is a touch-sensitive surfacethat is separate from touch screen 212 or an extension of thetouch-sensitive surface formed by the touch screen.

Device 200 also includes power system 262 for powering the variouscomponents. Power system 262 includes a power management system, one ormore power sources (e.g., battery, alternating current (AC)), arecharging system, a power failure detection circuit, a power converteror inverter, a power status indicator (e.g., a light-emitting diode(LED)) and any other components associated with the generation,management and distribution of power in portable devices.

Device 200 also includes one or more optical sensors 264. FIG. 2A showsan optical sensor coupled to optical sensor controller 258 in I/Osubsystem 206. Optical sensor 264 includes charge-coupled device (CCD)or complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) phototransistors.Optical sensor 264 receives light from the environment, projectedthrough one or more lenses, and converts the light to data representingan image. In conjunction with imaging module 243 (also called a cameramodule), optical sensor 264 captures still images or video. In someembodiments, an optical sensor is located on the back of device 200,opposite touch screen display 212 on the front of the device so that thetouch screen display is used as a viewfinder for still and/or videoimage acquisition. In some embodiments, an optical sensor is located onthe front of the device so that the user's image is obtained for videoconferencing while the user views the other video conferenceparticipants on the touch screen display. In some embodiments, theposition of optical sensor 264 can be changed by the user (e.g., byrotating the lens and the sensor in the device housing) so that a singleoptical sensor 264 is used along with the touch screen display for bothvideo conferencing and still and/or video image acquisition.

Device 200 optionally also includes one or more contact intensitysensors 265. FIG. 2A shows a contact intensity sensor coupled tointensity sensor controller 259 in I/O subsystem 206. Contact intensitysensor 265 optionally includes one or more piezoresistive strain gauges,capacitive force sensors, electric force sensors, piezoelectric forcesensors, optical force sensors, capacitive touch-sensitive surfaces, orother intensity sensors (e.g., sensors used to measure the force (orpressure) of a contact on a touch-sensitive surface). Contact intensitysensor 265 receives contact intensity information (e.g., pressureinformation or a proxy for pressure information) from the environment.In some embodiments, at least one contact intensity sensor is collocatedwith, or proximate to, a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitivedisplay system 212). In some embodiments, at least one contact intensitysensor is located on the back of device 200, opposite touch screendisplay 212, which is located on the front of device 200.

Device 200 also includes one or more proximity sensors 266. FIG. 2Ashows proximity sensor 266 coupled to peripherals interface 218.Alternately, proximity sensor 266 is coupled to input controller 260 inI/O subsystem 206. Proximity sensor 266 is performed as described inU.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/241,839, “Proximity Detector InHandheld Device”; Ser. No. 11/240,788, “Proximity Detector In HandheldDevice”; Ser. No. 11/620,702, “Using Ambient Light Sensor To AugmentProximity Sensor Output”; Ser. No. 11/586,862, “Automated Response ToAnd Sensing Of User Activity In Portable Devices”; and Ser. No.11/638,251, “Methods And Systems For Automatic Configuration OfPeripherals,” which are hereby incorporated by reference in theirentirety. In some embodiments, the proximity sensor turns off anddisables touch screen 212 when the multifunction device is placed nearthe user's ear (e.g., when the user is making a phone call).

Device 200 optionally also includes one or more tactile outputgenerators 267. FIG. 2A shows a tactile output generator coupled tohaptic feedback controller 261 in I/O subsystem 206. Tactile outputgenerator 267 optionally includes one or more electroacoustic devicessuch as speakers or other audio components and/or electromechanicaldevices that convert energy into linear motion such as a motor,solenoid, electroactive polymer, piezoelectric actuator, electrostaticactuator, or other tactile output generating component (e.g., acomponent that converts electrical signals into tactile outputs on thedevice). Contact intensity sensor 265 receives tactile feedbackgeneration instructions from haptic feedback module 233 and generatestactile outputs on device 200 that are capable of being sensed by a userof device 200. In some embodiments, at least one tactile outputgenerator is collocated with, or proximate to, a touch-sensitive surface(e.g., touch-sensitive display system 212) and, optionally, generates atactile output by moving the touch-sensitive surface vertically (e.g.,in/out of a surface of device 200) or laterally (e.g., back and forth inthe same plane as a surface of device 200). In some embodiments, atleast one tactile output generator sensor is located on the back ofdevice 200, opposite touch screen display 212, which is located on thefront of device 200.

Device 200 also includes one or more accelerometers 268. FIG. 2A showsaccelerometer 268 coupled to peripherals interface 218. Alternately,accelerometer 268 is coupled to an input controller 260 in I/O subsystem206. Accelerometer 268 performs, for example, as described in U.S.Patent Publication No. 20050190059, “Acceleration-based Theft DetectionSystem for Portable Electronic Devices,” and U.S. Patent Publication No.20060017692, “Methods And Apparatuses For Operating A Portable DeviceBased On An Accelerometer,” both of which are incorporated by referenceherein in their entirety. In some embodiments, information is displayedon the touch screen display in a portrait view or a landscape view basedon an analysis of data received from the one or more accelerometers.Device 200 optionally includes, in addition to accelerometer(s) 268, amagnetometer (not shown) and a GPS (or GLONASS or other globalnavigation system) receiver (not shown) for obtaining informationconcerning the location and orientation (e.g., portrait or landscape) ofdevice 200.

In some embodiments, the software components stored in memory 202include operating system 226, communication module (or set ofinstructions) 228, contact/motion module (or set of instructions) 230,graphics module (or set of instructions) 232, text input module (or setof instructions) 234, Global Positioning System (GPS) module (or set ofinstructions) 235, Digital Assistant Client Module 229, and applications(or sets of instructions) 236. Further, memory 202 stores data andmodels, such as user data and models 231. Furthermore, in someembodiments, memory 202 (FIG. 2A) or 470 (FIG. 4) stores device/globalinternal state 257, as shown in FIGS. 2A and 4. Device/global internalstate 257 includes one or more of: active application state, indicatingwhich applications, if any, are currently active; display state,indicating what applications, views or other information occupy variousregions of touch screen display 212; sensor state, including informationobtained from the device's various sensors and input control devices216; and location information concerning the device's location and/orattitude.

Operating system 226 (e.g., Darwin, RTXC, LINUX, UNIX, OS X, iOS,WINDOWS, or an embedded operating system such as VxWorks) includesvarious software components and/or drivers for controlling and managinggeneral system tasks (e.g., memory management, storage device control,power management, etc.) and facilitates communication between varioushardware and software components.

Communication module 228 facilitates communication with other devicesover one or more external ports 224 and also includes various softwarecomponents for handling data received by RF circuitry 208 and/orexternal port 224. External port 224 (e.g., Universal Serial Bus (USB),FIREWIRE, etc.) is adapted for coupling directly to other devices orindirectly over a network (e.g., the Internet, wireless LAN, etc.). Insome embodiments, the external port is a multi-pin (e.g., 30-pin)connector that is the same as, or similar to and/or compatible with, the30-pin connector used on iPod® (trademark of Apple Inc.) devices.

Contact/motion module 230 optionally detects contact with touch screen212 (in conjunction with display controller 256) and othertouch-sensitive devices (e.g., a touchpad or physical click wheel).Contact/motion module 230 includes various software components forperforming various operations related to detection of contact, such asdetermining if contact has occurred (e.g., detecting a finger-downevent), determining an intensity of the contact (e.g., the force orpressure of the contact or a substitute for the force or pressure of thecontact), determining if there is movement of the contact and trackingthe movement across the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., detecting one ormore finger-dragging events), and determining if the contact has ceased(e.g., detecting a finger-up event or a break in contact).Contact/motion module 230 receives contact data from the touch-sensitivesurface. Determining movement of the point of contact, which isrepresented by a series of contact data, optionally includes determiningspeed (magnitude), velocity (magnitude and direction), and/or anacceleration (a change in magnitude and/or direction) of the point ofcontact. These operations are, optionally, applied to single contacts(e.g., one finger contacts) or to multiple simultaneous contacts (e.g.,“multitouch”/multiple finger contacts). In some embodiments,contact/motion module 230 and display controller 256 detect contact on atouchpad.

In some embodiments, contact/motion module 230 uses a set of one or moreintensity thresholds to determine whether an operation has beenperformed by a user (e.g., to determine whether a user has “clicked” onan icon). In some embodiments, at least a subset of the intensitythresholds are determined in accordance with software parameters (e.g.,the intensity thresholds are not determined by the activation thresholdsof particular physical actuators and can be adjusted without changingthe physical hardware of device 200). For example, a mouse “click”threshold of a trackpad or touch screen display can be set to any of alarge range of predefined threshold values without changing the trackpador touch screen display hardware. Additionally, in some implementations,a user of the device is provided with software settings for adjustingone or more of the set of intensity thresholds (e.g., by adjustingindividual intensity thresholds and/or by adjusting a plurality ofintensity thresholds at once with a system-level click “intensity”parameter).

Contact/motion module 230 optionally detects a gesture input by a user.Different gestures on the touch-sensitive surface have different contactpatterns (e.g., different motions, timings, and/or intensities ofdetected contacts). Thus, a gesture is, optionally, detected bydetecting a particular contact pattern. For example, detecting a fingertap gesture includes detecting a finger-down event followed by detectinga finger-up (liftoff) event at the same position (or substantially thesame position) as the finger-down event (e.g., at the position of anicon). As another example, detecting a finger swipe gesture on thetouch-sensitive surface includes detecting a finger-down event followedby detecting one or more finger-dragging events, and subsequentlyfollowed by detecting a finger-up (liftoff) event.

Graphics module 232 includes various known software components forrendering and displaying graphics on touch screen 212 or other display,including components for changing the visual impact (e.g., brightness,transparency, saturation, contrast, or other visual property) ofgraphics that are displayed. As used herein, the term “graphics”includes any object that can be displayed to a user, including, withoutlimitation, text, web pages, icons (such as user-interface objectsincluding soft keys), digital images, videos, animations, and the like.

In some embodiments, graphics module 232 stores data representinggraphics to be used. Each graphic is, optionally, assigned acorresponding code. Graphics module 232 receives, from applicationsetc., one or more codes specifying graphics to be displayed along with,if necessary, coordinate data and other graphic property data, and thengenerates screen image data to output to display controller 256.

Haptic feedback module 233 includes various software components forgenerating instructions used by tactile output generator(s) 267 toproduce tactile outputs at one or more locations on device 200 inresponse to user interactions with device 200.

Text input module 234, which is, in some examples, a component ofgraphics module 232, provides soft keyboards for entering text invarious applications (e.g., contacts 237, email 240, IM 241, browser247, and any other application that needs text input).

GPS module 235 determines the location of the device and provides thisinformation for use in various applications (e.g., to telephone 238 foruse in location-based dialing; to camera 243 as picture/video metadata:and to applications that provide location-based services such as weatherwidgets, local yellow page widgets, and map/navigation widgets).

Digital assistant client module 229 includes various client-side digitalassistant instructions to provide the client-side functionalities of thedigital assistant. For example, digital assistant client module 229 iscapable of accepting voice input (e.g., speech input), text input, touchinput, and/or gestural input through various user interfaces (e.g.,microphone 213, accelerometer(s) 268, touch-sensitive display system212, optical sensor(s) 229, other input control devices 216, etc.) ofportable multifunction device 200. Digital assistant client module 229is also capable of providing output in audio (e.g., speech output),visual, and/or tactile forms through various output interfaces (e.g.,speaker 211, touch-sensitive display system 212, tactile outputgenerator(s) 267, etc.) of portable multifunction device 200. Forexample, output is provided as voice, sound, alerts, text messages,menus, graphics, videos, animations, vibrations, and/or combinations oftwo or more of the above. During operation, digital assistant clientmodule 229 communicates with DA server 106 using RF circuitry 208.

User data and models 231 include various data associated with the user(e.g., user-specific vocabulary data, user preference data,user-specified name pronunciations, data from the user's electronicaddress book, to-do lists, shopping lists, etc.) to provide theclient-side functionalities of the digital assistant. Further, user dataand models 231 include various models (e.g., speech recognition models,statistical language models, natural language processing models,ontology, task flow models, service models, etc.) for processing userinput and determining user intent.

In some examples, digital assistant client module 229 utilizes thevarious sensors, subsystems, and peripheral devices of portablemultifunction device 200 to gather additional information from thesurrounding environment of the portable multifunction device 200 toestablish a context associated with a user, the current userinteraction, and/or the current user input. In some examples, digitalassistant client module 229 provides the contextual information or asubset thereof with the user input to DA server 106 to help infer theuser's intent. In some examples, the digital assistant also uses thecontextual information to determine how to prepare and deliver outputsto the user. Contextual information is referred to as context data.

In some examples, the contextual information that accompanies the userinput includes sensor information, e.g., lighting, ambient noise,ambient temperature, images or videos of the surrounding environment,etc. In some examples, the contextual information can also include thephysical state of the device, e.g., device orientation, device location,device temperature, power level, speed, acceleration, motion patterns,cellular signals strength, etc. In some examples, information related tothe software state of DA server 106, e.g., running processes, installedprograms, past and present network activities, background services,error logs, resources usage, etc., and of portable multifunction device200 is provided to DA server 106 as contextual information associatedwith a user input.

In some examples, the digital assistant client module 229 selectivelyprovides information (e.g., user data 231) stored on the portablemultifunction device 200 in response to requests from DA server 106. Insome examples, digital assistant client module 229 also elicitsadditional input from the user via a natural language dialogue or otheruser interfaces upon request by DA server 106. Digital assistant clientmodule 229 passes the additional input to DA server 106 to help DAserver 106 in intent deduction and/or fulfillment of the user's intentexpressed in the user request.

A more detailed description of a digital assistant is described belowwith reference to FIGS. 7A-C. It should be recognized that digitalassistant client module 229 can include any number of the sub-modules ofdigital assistant module 726 described below.

Applications 236 include the following modules (or sets ofinstructions), or a subset or superset thereof:

-   -   Contacts module 237 (sometimes called an address book or contact        list);    -   Telephone module 238;    -   Video conference module 239;    -   E-mail client module 240;    -   Instant messaging (IM) module 241;    -   Workout support module 242;    -   Camera module 243 for still and/or video images;    -   Image management module 244;    -   Video player module;    -   Music player module;    -   Browser module 247;    -   Calendar module 248;    -   Widget modules 249, which includes, in some examples, one or        more of: weather widget 249-1, stocks widget 249-2, calculator        widget 249-3, alarm clock widget 249-4, dictionary widget 249-5,        and other widgets obtained by the user, as well as user-created        widgets 249-6;    -   Widget creator module 250 for making user-created widgets 249-6;    -   Search module 251;    -   Video and music player module 252, which merges video player        module and music player module;    -   Notes module 253;    -   Map module 254; and/or    -   Online video module 255.

Examples of other applications 236 that are stored in memory 202 includeother word processing applications, other image editing applications,drawing applications, presentation applications, JAVA-enabledapplications, encryption, digital rights management, voice recognition,and voice replication.

In conjunction with touch screen 212, display controller 256,contact/motion module 230, graphics module 232, and text input module234, contacts module 237 are used to manage an address book or contactlist (e.g., stored in application internal state 292 of contacts module237 in memory 202 or memory 470), including: adding name(s) to theaddress book; deleting name(s) from the address book; associatingtelephone number(s), e-mail address(es), physical address(es) or otherinformation with a name; associating an image with a name; categorizingand sorting names; providing telephone numbers or e-mail addresses toinitiate and/or facilitate communications by telephone 238, videoconference module 239, e-mail 240, or IM 241; and so forth.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 208, audio circuitry 210, speaker 211,microphone 213, touch screen 212, display controller 256, contact/motionmodule 230, graphics module 232, and text input module 234, telephonemodule 238 are used to enter a sequence of characters corresponding to atelephone number, access one or more telephone numbers in contactsmodule 237, modify a telephone number that has been entered, dial arespective telephone number, conduct a conversation, and disconnect orhang up when the conversation is completed. As noted above, the wirelesscommunication uses any of a plurality of communications standards,protocols, and technologies.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 208, audio circuitry 210, speaker 211,microphone 213, touch screen 212, display controller 256, optical sensor264, optical sensor controller 258, contact/motion module 230, graphicsmodule 232, text input module 234, contacts module 237, and telephonemodule 238, video conference module 239 includes executable instructionsto initiate, conduct, and terminate a video conference between a userand one or more other participants in accordance with user instructions.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 208, touch screen 212, displaycontroller 256, contact/motion module 230, graphics module 232, and textinput module 234, e-mail client module 240 includes executableinstructions to create, send, receive, and manage e-mail in response touser instructions. In conjunction with image management module 244,e-mail client module 240 makes it very easy to create and send e-mailswith still or video images taken with camera module 243.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 208, touch screen 212, displaycontroller 256, contact/motion module 230, graphics module 232, and textinput module 234, the instant messaging module 241 includes executableinstructions to enter a sequence of characters corresponding to aninstant message, to modify previously entered characters, to transmit arespective instant message (for example, using a Short Message Service(SMS) or Multimedia Message Service (MMS) protocol for telephony-basedinstant messages or using XMPP, SIMPLE, or IMPS for Internet-basedinstant messages), to receive instant messages, and to view receivedinstant messages. In some embodiments, transmitted and/or receivedinstant messages include graphics, photos, audio files, video filesand/or other attachments as are supported in an MMS and/or an EnhancedMessaging Service (EMS). As used herein, “instant messaging” refers toboth telephony-based messages (e.g., messages sent using SMS or MMS) andInternet-based messages (e.g., messages sent using XMPP, SIMPLE, orIMPS).

In conjunction with RF circuitry 208, touch screen 212, displaycontroller 256, contact/motion module 230, graphics module 232, textinput module 234, GPS module 235, map module 254, and music playermodule, workout support module 242 includes executable instructions tocreate workouts (e.g., with time, distance, and/or calorie burninggoals); communicate with workout sensors (sports devices); receiveworkout sensor data; calibrate sensors used to monitor a workout; selectand play music for a workout; and display, store, and transmit workoutdata.

In conjunction with touch screen 212, display controller 256, opticalsensor(s) 264, optical sensor controller 258, contact/motion module 230,graphics module 232, and image management module 244, camera module 243includes executable instructions to capture still images or video(including a video stream) and store them into memory 202, modifycharacteristics of a still image or video, or delete a still image orvideo from memory 202.

In conjunction with touch screen 212, display controller 256,contact/motion module 230, graphics module 232, text input module 234,and camera module 243, image management module 244 includes executableinstructions to arrange, modify (e.g., edit), or otherwise manipulate,label, delete, present (e.g., in a digital slide show or album), andstore still and/or video images.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 208, touch screen 212, displaycontroller 256, contact/motion module 230, graphics module 232, and textinput module 234, browser module 247 includes executable instructions tobrowse the Internet in accordance with user instructions, includingsearching, linking to, receiving, and displaying web pages or portionsthereof, as well as attachments and other files linked to web pages.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 208, touch screen 212, displaycontroller 256, contact/motion module 230, graphics module 232, textinput module 234, e-mail client module 240, and browser module 247,calendar module 248 includes executable instructions to create, display,modify, and store calendars and data associated with calendars (e.g.,calendar entries, to-do lists, etc.) in accordance with userinstructions.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 208, touch screen 212, displaycontroller 256, contact/motion module 230, graphics module 232, textinput module 234, and browser module 247, widget modules 249 aremini-applications that can be downloaded and used by a user (e.g.,weather widget 249-1, stocks widget 249-2, calculator widget 249-3,alarm clock widget 249-4, and dictionary widget 249-5) or created by theuser (e.g., user-created widget 249-6). In some embodiments, a widgetincludes an HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) file, a CSS (CascadingStyle Sheets) file, and a JavaScript file. In some embodiments, a widgetincludes an XML (Extensible Markup Language) file and a JavaScript file(e.g., Yahoo! Widgets).

In conjunction with RF circuitry 208, touch screen 212, displaycontroller 256, contact/motion module 230, graphics module 232, textinput module 234, and browser module 247, the widget creator module 250are used by a user to create widgets (e.g., turning a user-specifiedportion of a web page into a widget).

In conjunction with touch screen 212, display controller 256,contact/motion module 230, graphics module 232, and text input module234, search module 251 includes executable instructions to search fortext, music, sound, image, video, and/or other files in memory 202 thatmatch one or more search criteria (e.g., one or more user-specifiedsearch terms) in accordance with user instructions.

In conjunction with touch screen 212, display controller 256,contact/motion module 230, graphics module 232, audio circuitry 210,speaker 211, RF circuitry 208, and browser module 247, video and musicplayer module 252 includes executable instructions that allow the userto download and play back recorded music and other sound files stored inone or more file formats, such as MP3 or AAC files, and executableinstructions to display, present, or otherwise play back videos (e.g.,on touch screen 212 or on an external, connected display via externalport 224). In some embodiments, device 200 optionally includes thefunctionality of an MP3 player, such as an iPod (trademark of AppleInc.).

In conjunction with touch screen 212, display controller 256,contact/motion module 230, graphics module 232, and text input module234, notes module 253 includes executable instructions to create andmanage notes, to-do lists, and the like in accordance with userinstructions.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 208, touch screen 212, displaycontroller 256, contact/motion module 230, graphics module 232, textinput module 234, GPS module 235, and browser module 247, map module 254are used to receive, display, modify, and store maps and data associatedwith maps (e.g., driving directions, data on stores and other points ofinterest at or near a particular location, and other location-baseddata) in accordance with user instructions.

In conjunction with touch screen 212, display controller 256,contact/motion module 230, graphics module 232, audio circuitry 210,speaker 211, RF circuitry 208, text input module 234, e-mail clientmodule 240, and browser module 247, online video module 255 includesinstructions that allow the user to access, browse, receive (e.g., bystreaming and/or download), play back (e.g., on the touch screen or onan external, connected display via external port 224), send an e-mailwith a link to a particular online video, and otherwise manage onlinevideos in one or more file formats, such as H.264. In some embodiments,instant messaging module 241, rather than e-mail client module 240, isused to send a link to a particular online video. Additional descriptionof the online video application can be found in U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 60/936,562, “Portable Multifunction Device, Method, andGraphical User Interface for Playing Online Videos,” filed Jun. 20,2007, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/968,067, “PortableMultifunction Device, Method, and Graphical User Interface for PlayingOnline Videos,” filed Dec. 31, 2007, the contents of which are herebyincorporated by reference in their entirety.

Each of the above-identified modules and applications corresponds to aset of executable instructions for performing one or more functionsdescribed above and the methods described in this application (e.g., thecomputer-implemented methods and other information processing methodsdescribed herein). These modules (e.g., sets of instructions) need notbe implemented as separate software programs, procedures, or modules,and thus various subsets of these modules can be combined or otherwiserearranged in various embodiments. For example, video player module canbe combined with music player module into a single module (e.g., videoand music player module 252, FIG. 2A). In some embodiments, memory 202stores a subset of the modules and data structures identified above.Furthermore, memory 202 stores additional modules and data structuresnot described above.

In some embodiments, device 200 is a device where operation of apredefined set of functions on the device is performed exclusivelythrough a touch screen and/or a touchpad. By using a touch screen and/ora touchpad as the primary input control device for operation of device200, the number of physical input control devices (such as push buttons,dials, and the like) on device 200 is reduced.

The predefined set of functions that are performed exclusively through atouch screen and/or a touchpad optionally include navigation betweenuser interfaces. In some embodiments, the touchpad, when touched by theuser, navigates device 200 to a main, home, or root menu from any userinterface that is displayed on device 200. In such embodiments, a “menubutton” is implemented using a touchpad. In some other embodiments, themenu button is a physical push button or other physical input controldevice instead of a touchpad.

FIG. 2B is a block diagram illustrating exemplary components for eventhandling in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments,memory 202 (FIG. 2A) or 470 (FIG. 4) includes event sorter 270 (e.g., inoperating system 226) and a respective application 236-1 (e.g., any ofthe aforementioned applications 237-251, 255, 480-490).

Event sorter 270 receives event information and determines theapplication 236-1 and application view 291 of application 236-1 to whichto deliver the event information. Event sorter 270 includes eventmonitor 271 and event dispatcher module 274. In some embodiments,application 236-1 includes application internal state 292, whichindicates the current application view(s) displayed on touch-sensitivedisplay 212 when the application is active or executing. In someembodiments, device/global internal state 257 is used by event sorter270 to determine which application(s) is (are) currently active, andapplication internal state 292 is used by event sorter 270 to determineapplication views 291 to which to deliver event information.

In some embodiments, application internal state 292 includes additionalinformation, such as one or more of: resume information to be used whenapplication 236-1 resumes execution, user interface state informationthat indicates information being displayed or that is ready for displayby application 236-1, a state queue for enabling the user to go back toa prior state or view of application 236-1, and a redo/undo queue ofprevious actions taken by the user.

Event monitor 271 receives event information from peripherals interface218. Event information includes information about a sub-event (e.g., auser touch on touch-sensitive display 212, as part of a multi-touchgesture). Peripherals interface 218 transmits information it receivesfrom I/O subsystem 206 or a sensor, such as proximity sensor 266,accelerometer(s) 268, and/or microphone 213 (through audio circuitry210). Information that peripherals interface 218 receives from I/Osubsystem 206 includes information from touch-sensitive display 212 or atouch-sensitive surface.

In some embodiments, event monitor 271 sends requests to the peripheralsinterface 218 at predetermined intervals. In response, peripheralsinterface 218 transmits event information. In other embodiments,peripherals interface 218 transmits event information only when there isa significant event (e.g., receiving an input above a predeterminednoise threshold and/or for more than a predetermined duration).

In some embodiments, event sorter 270 also includes a hit viewdetermination module 272 and/or an active event recognizer determinationmodule 273.

Hit view determination module 272 provides software procedures fordetermining where a sub-event has taken place within one or more viewswhen touch-sensitive display 212 displays more than one view. Views aremade up of controls and other elements that a user can see on thedisplay.

Another aspect of the user interface associated with an application is aset of views, sometimes herein called application views or userinterface windows, in which information is displayed and touch-basedgestures occur. The application views (of a respective application) inwhich a touch is detected correspond to programmatic levels within aprogrammatic or view hierarchy of the application. For example, thelowest level view in which a touch is detected is called the hit view,and the set of events that are recognized as proper inputs is determinedbased, at least in part, on the hit view of the initial touch thatbegins a touch-based gesture.

Hit view determination module 272 receives information related to subevents of a touch-based gesture. When an application has multiple viewsorganized in a hierarchy, hit view determination module 272 identifies ahit view as the lowest view in the hierarchy which should handle thesub-event. In most circumstances, the hit view is the lowest level viewin which an initiating sub-event occurs (e.g., the first sub-event inthe sequence of sub-events that form an event or potential event). Oncethe hit view is identified by the hit view determination module 272, thehit view typically receives all sub-events related to the same touch orinput source for which it was identified as the hit view.

Active event recognizer determination module 273 determines which viewor views within a view hierarchy should receive a particular sequence ofsub-events. In some embodiments, active event recognizer determinationmodule 273 determines that only the hit view should receive a particularsequence of sub-events. In other embodiments, active event recognizerdetermination module 273 determines that all views that include thephysical location of a sub-event are actively involved views, andtherefore determines that all actively involved views should receive aparticular sequence of sub-events. In other embodiments, even if touchsub-events were entirely confined to the area associated with oneparticular view, views higher in the hierarchy would still remain asactively involved views.

Event dispatcher module 274 dispatches the event information to an eventrecognizer (e.g., event recognizer 280). In embodiments including activeevent recognizer determination module 273, event dispatcher module 274delivers the event information to an event recognizer determined byactive event recognizer determination module 273. In some embodiments,event dispatcher module 274 stores in an event queue the eventinformation, which is retrieved by a respective event receiver 282.

In some embodiments, operating system 226 includes event sorter 270.Alternatively, application 236-1 includes event sorter 270. In yet otherembodiments, event sorter 270 is a stand-alone module, or a part ofanother module stored in memory 202, such as contact/motion module 230.

In some embodiments, application 236-1 includes a plurality of eventhandlers 290 and one or more application views 291, each of whichincludes instructions for handling touch events that occur within arespective view of the application's user interface. Each applicationview 291 of the application 236-1 includes one or more event recognizers280. Typically, a respective application view 291 includes a pluralityof event recognizers 280. In other embodiments, one or more of eventrecognizers 280 are part of a separate module, such as a user interfacekit (not shown) or a higher level object from which application 236-1inherits methods and other properties. In some embodiments, a respectiveevent handler 290 includes one or more of: data updater 276, objectupdater 277, GUI updater 278, and/or event data 279 received from eventsorter 270. Event handler 290 utilizes or calls data updater 276, objectupdater 277, or GUI updater 278 to update the application internal state292. Alternatively, one or more of the application views 291 include oneor more respective event handlers 290. Also, in some embodiments, one ormore of data updater 276, object updater 277, and GUI updater 278 areincluded in a respective application view 291.

A respective event recognizer 280 receives event information (e.g.,event data 279) from event sorter 270 and identifies an event from theevent information. Event recognizer 280 includes event receiver 282 andevent comparator 284. In some embodiments, event recognizer 280 alsoincludes at least a subset of: metadata 283, and event deliveryinstructions 288 (which include sub-event delivery instructions).

Event receiver 282 receives event information from event sorter 270. Theevent information includes information about a sub-event, for example, atouch or a touch movement. Depending on the sub-event, the eventinformation also includes additional information, such as location ofthe sub-event. When the sub-event concerns motion of a touch, the eventinformation also includes speed and direction of the sub-event. In someembodiments, events include rotation of the device from one orientationto another (e.g., from a portrait orientation to a landscapeorientation, or vice versa), and the event information includescorresponding information about the current orientation (also calleddevice attitude) of the device.

Event comparator 284 compares the event information to predefined eventor sub-event definitions and, based on the comparison, determines anevent or sub event, or determines or updates the state of an event orsub-event. In some embodiments, event comparator 284 includes eventdefinitions 286. Event definitions 286 contain definitions of events(e.g., predefined sequences of sub-events), for example, event 1(287-1), event 2 (287-2), and others. In some embodiments, sub-events inan event (287) include, for example, touch begin, touch end, touchmovement, touch cancellation, and multiple touching. In one example, thedefinition for event 1 (287-1) is a double tap on a displayed object.The double tap, for example, comprises a first touch (touch begin) onthe displayed object for a predetermined phase, a first liftoff (touchend) for a predetermined phase, a second touch (touch begin) on thedisplayed object for a predetermined phase, and a second liftoff (touchend) for a predetermined phase. In another example, the definition forevent 2 (287-2) is a dragging on a displayed object. The dragging, forexample, comprises a touch (or contact) on the displayed object for apredetermined phase, a movement of the touch across touch-sensitivedisplay 212, and liftoff of the touch (touch end). In some embodiments,the event also includes information for one or more associated eventhandlers 290.

In some embodiments, event definition 287 includes a definition of anevent for a respective user-interface object. In some embodiments, eventcomparator 284 performs a hit test to determine which user-interfaceobject is associated with a sub-event. For example, in an applicationview in which three user-interface objects are displayed ontouch-sensitive display 212, when a touch is detected on touch-sensitivedisplay 212, event comparator 284 performs a hit test to determine whichof the three user-interface objects is associated with the touch(sub-event). If each displayed object is associated with a respectiveevent handler 290, the event comparator uses the result of the hit testto determine which event handler 290 should be activated. For example,event comparator 284 selects an event handler associated with thesub-event and the object triggering the hit test.

In some embodiments, the definition for a respective event (287) alsoincludes delayed actions that delay delivery of the event informationuntil after it has been determined whether the sequence of sub-eventsdoes or does not correspond to the event recognizer's event type.

When a respective event recognizer 280 determines that the series ofsub-events do not match any of the events in event definitions 286, therespective event recognizer 280 enters an event impossible, eventfailed, or event ended state, after which it disregards subsequentsub-events of the touch-based gesture. In this situation, other eventrecognizers, if any, that remain active for the hit view continue totrack and process sub-events of an ongoing touch-based gesture.

In some embodiments, a respective event recognizer 280 includes metadata283 with configurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate howthe event delivery system should perform sub-event delivery to activelyinvolved event recognizers. In some embodiments, metadata 283 includesconfigurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate how eventrecognizers interact, or are enabled to interact, with one another. Insome embodiments, metadata 283 includes configurable properties, flags,and/or lists that indicate whether sub-events are delivered to varyinglevels in the view or programmatic hierarchy.

In some embodiments, a respective event recognizer 280 activates eventhandler 290 associated with an event when one or more particularsub-events of an event are recognized. In some embodiments, a respectiveevent recognizer 280 delivers event information associated with theevent to event handler 290. Activating an event handler 290 is distinctfrom sending (and deferred sending) sub-events to a respective hit view.In some embodiments, event recognizer 280 throws a flag associated withthe recognized event, and event handler 290 associated with the flagcatches the flag and performs a predefined process.

In some embodiments, event delivery instructions 288 include sub-eventdelivery instructions that deliver event information about a sub-eventwithout activating an event handler. Instead, the sub-event deliveryinstructions deliver event information to event handlers associated withthe series of sub-events or to actively involved views. Event handlersassociated with the series of sub-events or with actively involved viewsreceive the event information and perform a predetermined process.

In some embodiments, data updater 276 creates and updates data used inapplication 236-1. For example, data updater 276 updates the telephonenumber used in contacts module 237, or stores a video file used in videoplayer module. In some embodiments, object updater 277 creates andupdates objects used in application 236-1. For example, object updater277 creates a new user-interface object or updates the position of auser-interface object. GUI updater 278 updates the GUI. For example, GUIupdater 278 prepares display information and sends it to graphics module232 for display on a touch-sensitive display.

In some embodiments, event handler(s) 290 includes or has access to dataupdater 276, object updater 277, and GUI updater 278. In someembodiments, data updater 276, object updater 277, and GUI updater 278are included in a single module of a respective application 236-1 orapplication view 291. In other embodiments, they are included in two ormore software modules.

It shall be understood that the foregoing discussion regarding eventhandling of user touches on touch-sensitive displays also applies toother forms of user inputs to operate multifunction devices 200 withinput devices, not all of which are initiated on touch screens. Forexample, mouse movement and mouse button presses, optionally coordinatedwith single or multiple keyboard presses or holds; contact movementssuch as taps, drags, scrolls, etc. on touchpads: pen stylus inputs;movement of the device; oral instructions; detected eye movements;biometric inputs; and/or any combination thereof are optionally utilizedas inputs corresponding to sub-events which define an event to berecognized.

FIG. 3 illustrates a portable multifunction device 200 having a touchscreen 212 in accordance with some embodiments. The touch screenoptionally displays one or more graphics within user interface (UI) 300.In this embodiment, as well as others described below, a user is enabledto select one or more of the graphics by making a gesture on thegraphics, for example, with one or more fingers 302 (not drawn to scalein the figure) or one or more styluses 303 (not drawn to scale in thefigure). In some embodiments, selection of one or more graphics occurswhen the user breaks contact with the one or more graphics. In someembodiments, the gesture optionally includes one or more taps, one ormore swipes (from left to right, right to left, upward and/or downward),and/or a rolling of a finger (from right to left, left to right, upwardand/or downward) that has made contact with device 200. In someimplementations or circumstances, inadvertent contact with a graphicdoes not select the graphic. For example, a swipe gesture that sweepsover an application icon optionally does not select the correspondingapplication when the gesture corresponding to selection is a tap.

Device 200 also includes one or more physical buttons, such as “home” ormenu button 304. As described previously, menu button 304 is used tonavigate to any application 236 in a set of applications that isexecuted on device 200. Alternatively, in some embodiments, the menubutton is implemented as a soft key in a GUI displayed on touch screen212.

In one embodiment, device 200 includes touch screen 212, menu button304, push button 306 for powering the device on/off and locking thedevice, volume adjustment button(s) 308, subscriber identity module(SIM) card slot 310, headset jack 312, and docking/charging externalport 224. Push button 306 is, optionally, used to turn the power on/offon the device by depressing the button and holding the button in thedepressed state for a predefined time interval; to lock the device bydepressing the button and releasing the button before the predefinedtime interval has elapsed; and/or to unlock the device or initiate anunlock process. In an alternative embodiment, device 200 also acceptsverbal input for activation or deactivation of some functions throughmicrophone 213. Device 200 also, optionally, includes one or morecontact intensity sensors 265 for detecting intensity of contacts ontouch screen 212 and/or one or more tactile output generators 267 forgenerating tactile outputs for a user of device 200.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an exemplary multifunction device with adisplay and a touch-sensitive surface in accordance with someembodiments. Device 400 need not be portable. In some embodiments,device 400 is a laptop computer, a desktop computer, a tablet computer,a multimedia player device, a navigation device, an educational device(such as a child's learning toy), a gaming system, or a control device(e.g., a home or industrial controller). Device 400 typically includesone or more processing units (CPUs) 410, one or more network or othercommunications interfaces 460, memory 470, and one or more communicationbuses 420 for interconnecting these components. Communication buses 420optionally include circuitry (sometimes called a chipset) thatinterconnects and controls communications between system components.Device 400 includes input/output (I/O) interface 430 comprising display440, which is typically a touch screen display. I/O interface 430 alsooptionally includes a keyboard and/or mouse (or other pointing device)450 and touchpad 455, tactile output generator 457 for generatingtactile outputs on device 400 (e.g., similar to tactile outputgenerator(s) 267 described above with reference to FIG. 2A), sensors 459(e.g., optical, acceleration, proximity, touch-sensitive, and/or contactintensity sensors similar to contact intensity sensor(s) 265 describedabove with reference to FIG. 2A). Memory 470 includes high-speed randomaccess memory, such as DRAM, SRAM, DDR RAM, or other random access solidstate memory devices; and optionally includes non-volatile memory, suchas one or more magnetic disk storage devices, optical disk storagedevices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid state storagedevices. Memory 470 optionally includes one or more storage devicesremotely located from CPU(s) 410. In some embodiments, memory 470 storesprograms, modules, and data structures analogous to the programs,modules, and data structures stored in memory 202 of portablemultifunction device 200 (FIG. 2A), or a subset thereof. Furthermore,memory 470 optionally stores additional programs, modules, and datastructures not present in memory 202 of portable multifunction device200. For example, memory 470 of device 400 optionally stores drawingmodule 480, presentation module 482, word processing module 484, websitecreation module 486, disk authoring module 488, and/or spreadsheetmodule 490, while memory 202 of portable multifunction device 200 (FIG.2A) optionally does not store these modules.

Each of the above-identified elements in FIG. 4 is, in some examples,stored in one or more of the previously mentioned memory devices. Eachof the above-identified modules corresponds to a set of instructions forperforming a function described above. The above-identified modules orprograms (e.g., sets of instructions) need not be implemented asseparate software programs, procedures, or modules, and thus varioussubsets of these modules are combined or otherwise rearranged in variousembodiments. In some embodiments, memory 470 stores a subset of themodules and data structures identified above. Furthermore, memory 470stores additional modules and data structures not described above.

Attention is now directed towards embodiments of user interfaces thatcan be implemented on, for example, portable multifunction device 200.

FIG. 5A illustrates an exemplary user interface for a menu ofapplications on portable multifunction device 200 in accordance withsome embodiments. Similar user interfaces are implemented on device 400.In some embodiments, user interface 500 includes the following elements,or a subset or superset thereof:

Signal strength indicator(s) 502 for wireless communication(s), such ascellular and Wi-Fi signals;

-   -   Time 504;    -   Bluetooth indicator 505;    -   Battery status indicator 506;    -   Tray 508 with icons for frequently used applications, such as:        -   Icon 516 for telephone module 238, labeled “Phone,” which            optionally includes an indicator 514 of the number of missed            calls or voicemail messages;        -   Icon 518 for e-mail client module 240, labeled “Mail,” which            optionally includes an indicator 510 of the number of unread            e-mails;        -   Icon 520 for browser module 247, labeled “Browser;” and        -   Icon 522 for video and music player module 252, also            referred to as iPod (trademark of Apple Inc.) module 252,            labeled “iPod;” and    -   Icons for other applications, such as:        -   Icon 524 for IM module 241, labeled “Messages;”        -   Icon 526 for calendar module 248, labeled “Calendar;”        -   Icon 528 for image management module 244, labeled “Photos;”        -   Icon 530 for camera module 243, labeled “Camera;”        -   Icon 532 for online video module 255, labeled “Online            Video;”        -   Icon 534 for stocks widget 249-2, labeled “Stocks;”        -   Icon 536 for map module 254, labeled “Maps;”        -   Icon 538 for weather widget 249-1, labeled “Weather;”        -   Icon 540 for alarm clock widget 249-4, labeled “Clock;”        -   Icon 542 for workout support module 242, labeled “Workout            Support;”        -   Icon 544 for notes module 253, labeled “Notes;” and        -   Icon 546 for a settings application or module, labeled            “Settings,” which provides access to settings for device 200            and its various applications 236.

It should be noted that the icon labels illustrated in FIG. 5A aremerely exemplary. For example, icon 522 for video and music playermodule 252 is optionally labeled “Music” or “Music Player.” Other labelsare, optionally, used for various application icons. In someembodiments, a label for a respective application icon includes a nameof an application corresponding to the respective application icon. Insome embodiments, a label for a particular application icon is distinctfrom a name of an application corresponding to the particularapplication icon.

FIG. 5B illustrates an exemplary user interface on a device (e.g.,device 400, FIG. 4) with a touch-sensitive surface 551 (e.g., a tabletor touchpad 455, FIG. 4) that is separate from the display 550 (e.g.,touch screen display 212). Device 400 also, optionally, includes one ormore contact intensity sensors (e.g., one or more of sensors 457) fordetecting intensity of contacts on touch-sensitive surface 551 and/orone or more tactile output generators 459 for generating tactile outputsfor a user of device 400.

Although some of the examples which follow will be given with referenceto inputs on touch screen display 212 (where the touch-sensitive surfaceand the display are combined), in some embodiments, the device detectsinputs on a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from the display,as shown in FIG. 5B. In some embodiments, the touch-sensitive surface(e.g., 551 in FIG. 5B) has a primary axis (e.g., 552 in FIG. 5B) thatcorresponds to a primary axis (e.g., 553 in FIG. 5B) on the display(e.g., 550). In accordance with these embodiments, the device detectscontacts (e.g., 560 and 562 in FIG. 5B) with the touch-sensitive surface551 at locations that correspond to respective locations on the display(e.g., in FIG. 5B, 560 corresponds to 568 and 562 corresponds to 570).In this way, user inputs (e.g., contacts 560 and 562, and movementsthereof) detected by the device on the touch-sensitive surface (e.g.,551 in FIG. 5B) are used by the device to manipulate the user interfaceon the display (e.g., 550 in FIG. 5B) of the multifunction device whenthe touch-sensitive surface is separate from the display. It should beunderstood that similar methods are, optionally, used for other userinterfaces described herein.

Additionally, while the following examples are given primarily withreference to finger inputs (e.g., finger contacts, finger tap gestures,finger swipe gestures), it should be understood that, in someembodiments, one or more of the finger inputs are replaced with inputfrom another input device (e.g., a mouse-based input or stylus input).For example, a swipe gesture is, optionally, replaced with a mouse click(e.g., instead of a contact) followed by movement of the cursor alongthe path of the swipe (e.g., instead of movement of the contact). Asanother example, a tap gesture is, optionally, replaced with a mouseclick while the cursor is located over the location of the tap gesture(e.g., instead of detection of the contact followed by ceasing to detectthe contact). Similarly, when multiple user inputs are simultaneouslydetected, it should be understood that multiple computer mice are,optionally, used simultaneously, or a mouse and finger contacts are,optionally, used simultaneously.

FIG. 6A illustrates exemplary personal electronic device 600. Device 600includes body 602. In some embodiments, device 600 includes some or allof the features described with respect to devices 200 and 400 (e.g.,FIGS. 2A-4). In some embodiments, device 600 has touch-sensitive displayscreen 604, hereafter touch screen 604. Alternatively, or in addition totouch screen 604, device 600 has a display and a touch-sensitivesurface. As with devices 200 and 400, in some embodiments, touch screen604 (or the touch-sensitive surface) has one or more intensity sensorsfor detecting intensity of contacts (e.g., touches) being applied. Theone or more intensity sensors of touch screen 604 (or thetouch-sensitive surface) provide output data that represents theintensity of touches. The user interface of device 600 responds totouches based on their intensity, meaning that touches of differentintensities can invoke different user interface operations on device600.

Techniques for detecting and processing touch intensity are found, forexample, in related applications: International Patent ApplicationSerial No. PCT/US2013/040061, titled “Device, Method, and Graphical UserInterface for Displaying User Interface Objects Corresponding to anApplication,” filed May 8, 2013, and International Patent ApplicationSerial No. PCT/US2013/069483, titled “Device, Method, and Graphical UserInterface for Transitioning Between Touch Input to Display OutputRelationships,” filed Nov. 11, 2013, each of which is herebyincorporated by reference in their entirety.

In some embodiments, device 600 has one or more input mechanisms 606 and608. Input mechanisms 606 and 608, if included, are physical. Examplesof physical input mechanisms include push buttons and rotatablemechanisms. In some embodiments, device 600 has one or more attachmentmechanisms. Such attachment mechanisms, if included, can permitattachment of device 600 with, for example, hats, eyewear, earrings,necklaces, shirts, jackets, bracelets, watch straps, chains, trousers,belts, shoes, purses, backpacks, and so forth. These attachmentmechanisms permit device 600 to be worn by a user.

FIG. 6B depicts exemplary personal electronic device 600. In someembodiments, device 600 includes some or all of the components describedwith respect to FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 4. Device 600 has bus 612 thatoperatively couples/O section 614 with one or more computer processors616 and memory 618. I/O section 614 is connected to display 604, whichcan have touch-sensitive component 622 and, optionally, touch-intensitysensitive component 624. In addition, I/O section 614 is connected withcommunication unit 630 for receiving application and operating systemdata, using Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, near field communication (NFC), cellular,and/or other wireless communication techniques. Device 600 includesinput mechanisms 606 and/or 608. Input mechanism 606 is a rotatableinput device or a depressible and rotatable input device, for example.Input mechanism 608 is a button, in some examples.

Input mechanism 608 is a microphone, in some examples. Personalelectronic device 600 includes, for example, various sensors, such asGPS sensor 632, accelerometer 634, directional sensor 640 (e.g.,compass), gyroscope 636, motion sensor 638, and/or a combinationthereof, all of which are operatively connected to I/O section 614.

Memory 618 of personal electronic device 600 is a non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium, for storing computer-executableinstructions, which, when executed by one or more computer processors616, for example, cause the computer processors to perform thetechniques and processes described below. The computer-executableinstructions, for example, are also stored and/or transported within anynon-transitory computer-readable storage medium for use by or inconnection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device,such as a computer-based system, processor-containing system, or othersystem that can fetch the instructions from the instruction executionsystem, apparatus, or device and execute the instructions. Personalelectronic device 600 is not limited to the components and configurationof FIG. 6B, but can include other or additional components in multipleconfigurations.

As used here, the term “affordance” refers to a user-interactivegraphical user interface object that is, for example, displayed on thedisplay screen of devices 200, 400, 600, and/or 800 (FIGS. 2A, 4, 6A-B,and 8A-D). For example, an image (e.g., icon), a button, and text (e.g.,hyperlink) each constitutes an affordance.

As used herein, the term “focus selector” refers to an input elementthat indicates a current part of a user interface with which a user isinteracting. In some implementations that include a cursor or otherlocation marker, the cursor acts as a “focus selector” so that when aninput (e.g., a press input) is detected on a touch-sensitive surface(e.g., touchpad 455 in FIG. 4 or touch-sensitive surface 551 in FIG. 5B)while the cursor is over a particular user interface element (e.g., abutton, window, slider or other user interface element), the particularuser interface element is adjusted in accordance with the detectedinput. In some implementations that include a touch screen display(e.g., touch-sensitive display system 212 in FIG. 2A or touch screen 212in FIG. 5A) that enables direct interaction with user interface elementson the touch screen display, a detected contact on the touch screen actsas a “focus selector” so that when an input (e.g., a press input by thecontact) is detected on the touch screen display at a location of aparticular user interface element (e.g., a button, window, slider, orother user interface element), the particular user interface element isadjusted in accordance with the detected input. In some implementations,focus is moved from one region of a user interface to another region ofthe user interface without corresponding movement of a cursor ormovement of a contact on a touch screen display (e.g., by using a tabkey or arrow keys to move focus from one button to another button); inthese implementations, the focus selector moves in accordance withmovement of focus between different regions of the user interface.Without regard to the specific form taken by the focus selector, thefocus selector is generally the user interface element (or contact on atouch screen display) that is controlled by the user so as tocommunicate the user's intended interaction with the user interface(e.g., by indicating, to the device, the element of the user interfacewith which the user is intending to interact). For example, the locationof a focus selector (e.g., a cursor, a contact, or a selection box) overa respective button while a press input is detected on thetouch-sensitive surface (e.g., a touchpad or touch screen) will indicatethat the user is intending to activate the respective button (as opposedto other user interface elements shown on a display of the device).

As used in the specification and claims, the term “characteristicintensity” of a contact refers to a characteristic of the contact basedon one or more intensities of the contact. In some embodiments, thecharacteristic intensity is based on multiple intensity samples. Thecharacteristic intensity is, optionally, based on a predefined number ofintensity samples, or a set of intensity samples collected during apredetermined time period (e.g., 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10seconds) relative to a predefined event (e.g., after detecting thecontact, prior to detecting liftoff of the contact, before or afterdetecting a start of movement of the contact, prior to detecting an endof the contact, before or after detecting an increase in intensity ofthe contact, and/or before or after detecting a decrease in intensity ofthe contact). A characteristic intensity of a contact is, optionallybased on one or more of: a maximum value of the intensities of thecontact, a mean value of the intensities of the contact, an averagevalue of the intensities of the contact, a top 10 percentile value ofthe intensities of the contact, a value at the half maximum of theintensities of the contact, a value at the 90 percent maximum of theintensities of the contact, or the like. In some embodiments, theduration of the contact is used in determining the characteristicintensity (e.g., when the characteristic intensity is an average of theintensity of the contact over time). In some embodiments, thecharacteristic intensity is compared to a set of one or more intensitythresholds to determine whether an operation has been performed by auser. For example, the set of one or more intensity thresholds includesa first intensity threshold and a second intensity threshold. In thisexample, a contact with a characteristic intensity that does not exceedthe first threshold results in a first operation, a contact with acharacteristic intensity that exceeds the first intensity threshold anddoes not exceed the second intensity threshold results in a secondoperation, and a contact with a characteristic intensity that exceedsthe second threshold results in a third operation. In some embodiments,a comparison between the characteristic intensity and one or morethresholds is used to determine whether or not to perform one or moreoperations (e.g., whether to perform a respective operation or forgoperforming the respective operation) rather than being used to determinewhether to perform a first operation or a second operation.

In some embodiments, a portion of a gesture is identified for purposesof determining a characteristic intensity. For example, atouch-sensitive surface receives a continuous swipe contacttransitioning from a start location and reaching an end location, atwhich point the intensity of the contact increases. In this example, thecharacteristic intensity of the contact at the end location is based ononly a portion of the continuous swipe contact, and not the entire swipecontact (e.g., only the portion of the swipe contact at the endlocation). In some embodiments, a smoothing algorithm is applied to theintensities of the swipe contact prior to determining the characteristicintensity of the contact. For example, the smoothing algorithmoptionally includes one or more of: an unweighted sliding-averagesmoothing algorithm, a triangular smoothing algorithm, a median filtersmoothing algorithm, and/or an exponential smoothing algorithm. In somecircumstances, these smoothing algorithms eliminate narrow spikes ordips in the intensities of the swipe contact for purposes of determininga characteristic intensity.

The intensity of a contact on the touch-sensitive surface ischaracterized relative to one or more intensity thresholds, such as acontact-detection intensity threshold, a light press intensitythreshold, a deep press intensity threshold, and/or one or more otherintensity thresholds. In some embodiments, the light press intensitythreshold corresponds to an intensity at which the device will performoperations typically associated with clicking a button of a physicalmouse or a trackpad. In some embodiments, the deep press intensitythreshold corresponds to an intensity at which the device will performoperations that are different from operations typically associated withclicking a button of a physical mouse or a trackpad. In someembodiments, when a contact is detected with a characteristic intensitybelow the light press intensity threshold (e.g., and above a nominalcontact-detection intensity threshold below which the contact is nolonger detected), the device will move a focus selector in accordancewith movement of the contact on the touch-sensitive surface withoutperforming an operation associated with the light press intensitythreshold or the deep press intensity threshold. Generally, unlessotherwise stated, these intensity thresholds are consistent betweendifferent sets of user interface figures.

An increase of characteristic intensity of the contact from an intensitybelow the light press intensity threshold to an intensity between thelight press intensity threshold and the deep press intensity thresholdis sometimes referred to as a “light press” input. An increase ofcharacteristic intensity of the contact from an intensity below the deeppress intensity threshold to an intensity above the deep press intensitythreshold is sometimes referred to as a “deep press” input. An increaseof characteristic intensity of the contact from an intensity below thecontact-detection intensity threshold to an intensity between thecontact-detection intensity threshold and the light press intensitythreshold is sometimes referred to as detecting the contact on thetouch-surface. A decrease of characteristic intensity of the contactfrom an intensity above the contact-detection intensity threshold to anintensity below the contact-detection intensity threshold is sometimesreferred to as detecting liftoff of the contact from the touch-surface.In some embodiments, the contact-detection intensity threshold is zero.In some embodiments, the contact-detection intensity threshold isgreater than zero.

In some embodiments described herein, one or more operations areperformed in response to detecting a gesture that includes a respectivepress input or in response to detecting the respective press inputperformed with a respective contact (or a plurality of contacts), wherethe respective press input is detected based at least in part ondetecting an increase in intensity of the contact (or plurality ofcontacts) above a press-input intensity threshold. In some embodiments,the respective operation is performed in response to detecting theincrease in intensity of the respective contact above the press-inputintensity threshold (e.g., a “down stroke” of the respective pressinput). In some embodiments, the press input includes an increase inintensity of the respective contact above the press-input intensitythreshold and a subsequent decrease in intensity of the contact belowthe press-input intensity threshold, and the respective operation isperformed in response to detecting the subsequent decrease in intensityof the respective contact below the press-input threshold (e.g., an “upstroke” of the respective press input).

In some embodiments, the device employs intensity hysteresis to avoidaccidental inputs sometimes termed “jitter,” where the device defines orselects a hysteresis intensity threshold with a predefined relationshipto the press-input intensity threshold (e.g., the hysteresis intensitythreshold is X intensity units lower than the press-input intensitythreshold or the hysteresis intensity threshold is 75%, 90%, or somereasonable proportion of the press-input intensity threshold). Thus, insome embodiments, the press input includes an increase in intensity ofthe respective contact above the press-input intensity threshold and asubsequent decrease in intensity of the contact below the hysteresisintensity threshold that corresponds to the press-input intensitythreshold, and the respective operation is performed in response todetecting the subsequent decrease in intensity of the respective contactbelow the hysteresis intensity threshold (e.g., an “up stroke” of therespective press input). Similarly, in some embodiments, the press inputis detected only when the device detects an increase in intensity of thecontact from an intensity at or below the hysteresis intensity thresholdto an intensity at or above the press-input intensity threshold and,optionally, a subsequent decrease in intensity of the contact to anintensity at or below the hysteresis intensity, and the respectiveoperation is performed in response to detecting the press input (e.g.,the increase in intensity of the contact or the decrease in intensity ofthe contact, depending on the circumstances).

For ease of explanation, the descriptions of operations performed inresponse to a press input associated with a press-input intensitythreshold or in response to a gesture including the press input are,optionally, triggered in response to detecting either: an increase inintensity of a contact above the press-input intensity threshold, anincrease in intensity of a contact from an intensity below thehysteresis intensity threshold to an intensity above the press-inputintensity threshold, a decrease in intensity of the contact below thepress-input intensity threshold, and/or a decrease in intensity of thecontact below the hysteresis intensity threshold corresponding to thepress-input intensity threshold. Additionally, in examples where anoperation is described as being performed in response to detecting adecrease in intensity of a contact below the press-input intensitythreshold, the operation is, optionally, performed in response todetecting a decrease in intensity of the contact below a hysteresisintensity threshold corresponding to, and lower than, the press-inputintensity threshold.

3. Digital Assistant System

FIG. 7A illustrates a block diagram of digital assistant system 700 inaccordance with various examples. In some examples, digital assistantsystem 700 is implemented on a standalone computer system. In someexamples, digital assistant system 700 is distributed across multiplecomputers. In some examples, some of the modules and functions of thedigital assistant are divided into a server portion and a clientportion, where the client portion resides on one or more user devices(e.g., devices 104, 122, 200, 400, 600, or 800) and communicates withthe server portion (e.g., server system 108) through one or morenetworks, e.g., as shown in FIG. 1. In some examples, digital assistantsystem 700 is an implementation of server system 108 (and/or DA server106) shown in FIG. 1. It should be noted that digital assistant system700 is only one example of a digital assistant system, and that digitalassistant system 700 can have more or fewer components than shown, cancombine two or more components, or can have a different configuration orarrangement of the components. The various components shown in FIG. 7Aare implemented in hardware, software instructions for execution by oneor more processors, firmware, including one or more signal processingand/or application specific integrated circuits, or a combinationthereof.

Digital assistant system 700 includes memory 702, one or more processors704, input/output (I/O) interface 706, and network communicationsinterface 708. These components can communicate with one another overone or more communication buses or signal lines 710.

In some examples, memory 702 includes a non-transitory computer-readablemedium, such as high-speed random access memory and/or a non-volatilecomputer-readable storage medium (e.g., one or more magnetic diskstorage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid-statememory devices).

In some examples, I/O interface 706 couples input/output devices 716 ofdigital assistant system 700, such as displays, keyboards, touchscreens, and microphones, to user interface module 722. I/O interface706, in conjunction with user interface module 722, receives user inputs(e.g., voice input, keyboard inputs, touch inputs, etc.) and processesthem accordingly. In some examples, e.g., when the digital assistant isimplemented on a standalone user device, digital assistant system 700includes any of the components and I/O communication interfacesdescribed with respect to devices 200, 400, 600, or 800 in FIGS. 2A, 4,6A-B, and 8A-D respectively. In some examples, digital assistant system700 represents the server portion of a digital assistant implementation,and can interact with the user through a client-side portion residing ona user device (e.g., devices 104, 200, 400, 600, or 800).

In some examples, the network communications interface 708 includeswired communication port(s) 712 and/or wireless transmission andreception circuitry 714. The wired communication port(s) receives andsend communication signals via one or more wired interfaces, e.g.,Ethernet, Universal Serial Bus (USB), FIREWIRE, etc. The wirelesscircuitry 714 receives and sends RF signals and/or optical signalsfrom/to communications networks and other communications devices. Thewireless communications use any of a plurality of communicationsstandards, protocols, and technologies, such as GSM, EDGE, CDMA, TDMA,Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, VoIP, Wi-MAX, or any other suitable communicationprotocol. Network communications interface 708 enables communicationbetween digital assistant system 700 with networks, such as theInternet, an intranet, and/or a wireless network, such as a cellulartelephone network, a wireless local area network (LAN), and/or ametropolitan area network (MAN), and other devices.

In some examples, memory 702, or the computer-readable storage media ofmemory 702, stores programs, modules, instructions, and data structuresincluding all or a subset of: operating system 718, communicationsmodule 720, user interface module 722, one or more applications 724, anddigital assistant module 726. In particular, memory 702, or thecomputer-readable storage media of memory 702, stores instructions forperforming the processes described below. One or more processors 704execute these programs, modules, and instructions, and reads/writesfrom/to the data structures.

Operating system 718 (e.g., Darwin, RTXC, LINUX, UNIX, iOS, OS X,WINDOWS, or an embedded operating system such as VxWorks) includesvarious software components and/or drivers for controlling and managinggeneral system tasks (e.g., memory management, storage device control,power management, etc.) and facilitates communications between varioushardware, firmware, and software components.

Communications module 720 facilitates communications between digitalassistant system 700 with other devices over network communicationsinterface 708. For example, communications module 720 communicates withRF circuitry 208 of electronic devices such as devices 200, 400, and 600shown in FIGS. 2A, 4, 6A-B, respectively. Communications module 720 alsoincludes various components for handling data received by wirelesscircuitry 714 and/or wired communications port 712.

User interface module 722 receives commands and/or inputs from a uservia I/O interface 706 (e.g., from a keyboard, touch screen, pointingdevice, controller, and/or microphone), and generate user interfaceobjects on a display. User interface module 722 also prepares anddelivers outputs (e.g., speech, sound, animation, text, icons,vibrations, haptic feedback, light, etc.) to the user via the I/Ointerface 706 (e.g., through displays, audio channels, speakers,touch-pads, etc.).

Applications 724 include programs and/or modules that are configured tobe executed by one or more processors 704. For example, if the digitalassistant system is implemented on a standalone user device,applications 724 include user applications, such as games, a calendarapplication, a navigation application, or an email application. Ifdigital assistant system 700 is implemented on a server, applications724 include resource management applications, diagnostic applications,or scheduling applications, for example.

Memory 702 also stores digital assistant module 726 (or the serverportion of a digital assistant). In some examples, digital assistantmodule 726 includes the following sub-modules, or a subset or supersetthereof: input/output processing module 728, speech-to-text (STT)processing module 730, natural language processing module 732, dialogueflow processing module 734, task flow processing module 736, serviceprocessing module 738, and speech synthesis processing module 740. Eachof these modules has access to one or more of the following systems ordata and models of the digital assistant module 726, or a subset orsuperset thereof: ontology 760, vocabulary index 744, user data 748,task flow models 754, service models 756, and ASR systems 758.

In some examples, using the processing modules, data, and modelsimplemented in digital assistant module 726, the digital assistant canperform at least some of the following: converting speech input intotext; identifying a user's intent expressed in a natural language inputreceived from the user; actively eliciting and obtaining informationneeded to fully infer the user's intent (e.g., by disambiguating words,games, intentions, etc.); determining the task flow for fulfilling theinferred intent; and executing the task flow to fulfill the inferredintent.

In some examples, as shown in FIG. 7B, I/O processing module 728interacts with the user through I/O devices 716 in FIG. 7A or with auser device (e.g., devices 104, 200, 400, or 600) through networkcommunications interface 708 in FIG. 7A to obtain user input (e.g., aspeech input) and to provide responses (e.g., as speech outputs) to theuser input. I/O processing module 728 optionally obtains contextualinformation associated with the user input from the user device, alongwith or shortly after the receipt of the user input. The contextualinformation includes user-specific data, vocabulary, and/or preferencesrelevant to the user input. In some examples, the contextual informationalso includes software and hardware states of the user device at thetime the user request is received, and/or information related to thesurrounding environment of the user at the time that the user requestwas received. In some examples, I/O processing module 728 also sendsfollow-up questions to, and receive answers from, the user regarding theuser request. When a user request is received by I/O processing module728 and the user request includes speech input, I/O processing module728 forwards the speech input to STT processing module 730 (or speechrecognizer) for speech-to-text conversions.

STT processing module 730 includes one or more ASR systems 758. The oneor more ASR systems 758 can process the speech input that is receivedthrough I/O processing module 728 to produce a recognition result. EachASR system 758 includes a front-end speech pre-processor. The front-endspeech pre-processor extracts representative features from the speechinput. For example, the front-end speech pre-processor performs aFourier transform on the speech input to extract spectral features thatcharacterize the speech input as a sequence of representativemulti-dimensional vectors. Further, each ASR system 758 includes one ormore speech recognition models (e.g., acoustic models and/or languagemodels) and implements one or more speech recognition engines. Examplesof speech recognition models include Hidden Markov Models,Gaussian-Mixture Models, Deep Neural Network Models, n-gram languagemodels, and other statistical models. Examples of speech recognitionengines include the dynamic time warping based engines and weightedfinite-state transducers (WFST) based engines. The one or more speechrecognition models and the one or more speech recognition engines areused to process the extracted representative features of the front-endspeech pre-processor to produce intermediate recognitions results (e.g.,phonemes, phonemic strings, and sub-words), and ultimately, textrecognition results (e.g., words, word strings, or sequence of tokens).In some examples, the speech input is processed at least partially by athird-party service or on the user's device (e.g., device 104, 200, 400,600, or 800) to produce the recognition result. Once STT processingmodule 730 produces recognition results containing a text string (e.g.,words, or sequence of words, or sequence of tokens), the recognitionresult is passed to natural language processing module 732 for intentdeduction. In some examples, STT processing module 730 produces multiplecandidate text representations of the speech input. Each candidate textrepresentation is a sequence of words or tokens corresponding to thespeech input. In some examples, each candidate text representation isassociated with a speech recognition confidence score. Based on thespeech recognition confidence scores, STT processing module 730 ranksthe candidate text representations and provides the n-best (e.g., nhighest ranked) candidate text representation(s) to natural languageprocessing module 732 for intent deduction, where n is a predeterminedinteger greater than zero. For example, in one example, only the highestranked (n=1) candidate text representation is passed to natural languageprocessing module 732 for intent deduction. In another example, the fivehighest ranked (n=5) candidate text representations are passed tonatural language processing module 732 for intent deduction.

More details on the speech-to-text processing are described in U.S.Utility application Ser. No. 13/236,942 for “Consolidating SpeechRecognition Results,” filed on Sep. 20, 2011, the entire disclosure ofwhich is incorporated herein by reference.

In some examples, STT processing module 730 includes and/or accesses avocabulary of recognizable words via phonetic alphabet conversion module731. Each vocabulary word is associated with one or more candidatepronunciations of the word represented in a speech recognition phoneticalphabet. In particular, the vocabulary of recognizable words includes aword that is associated with a plurality of candidate pronunciations.For example, the vocabulary includes the word “tomato” that isassociated with the candidate pronunciations of /

/ and /

/. Further, vocabulary words are associated with custom candidatepronunciations that are based on previous speech inputs from the user.Such custom candidate pronunciations are stored in STT processing module730 and are associated with a particular user via the user's profile onthe device. In some examples, the candidate pronunciations for words aredetermined based on the spelling of the word and one or more linguisticand/or phonetic rules. In some examples, the candidate pronunciationsare manually generated, e.g., based on known canonical pronunciations.

In some examples, the candidate pronunciations are ranked based on thecommonness of the candidate pronunciation. For example, the candidatepronunciation /

/ is ranked higher than /

/, because the former is a more commonly used pronunciation (e.g., amongall users, for users in a particular geographical region, or for anyother appropriate subset of users). In some examples, candidatepronunciations are ranked based on whether the candidate pronunciationis a custom candidate pronunciation associated with the user. Forexample, custom candidate pronunciations are ranked higher thancanonical candidate pronunciations. This can be useful for recognizingproper nouns having a unique pronunciation that deviates from canonicalpronunciation. In some examples, candidate pronunciations are associatedwith one or more speech characteristics, such as geographic origin,nationality, or ethnicity. For example, the candidate pronunciation /

/ is associated with the United States, whereas the candidatepronunciation /

/ is associated with Great Britain. Further, the rank of the candidatepronunciation is based on one or more characteristics (e.g., geographicorigin, nationality, ethnicity, etc.) of the user stored in the user'sprofile on the device. For example, it can be determined from the user'sprofile that the user is associated with the United States. Based on theuser being associated with the United States, the candidatepronunciation /

/ (associated with the United States) is ranked higher than thecandidate pronunciation /

/ (associated with Great Britain). In some examples, one of the rankedcandidate pronunciations is selected as a predicted pronunciation (e.g.,the most likely pronunciation).

When a speech input is received, STT processing module 730 is used todetermine the phonemes corresponding to the speech input (e.g., using anacoustic model), and then attempt to determine words that match thephonemes (e.g., using a language model). For example, if STT processingmodule 730 first identifies the sequence of phonemes /

/ corresponding to a portion of the speech input, it can then determine,based on vocabulary index 744, that this sequence corresponds to theword “tomato.”

In some examples, STT processing module 730 uses approximate matchingtechniques to determine words in an utterance. Thus, for example, theSTT processing module 730 determines that the sequence of phonemes /

/ corresponds to the word “tomato,” even if that particular sequence ofphonemes is not one of the candidate sequence of phonemes for that word.

Natural language processing module 732 (“natural language processor”) ofthe digital assistant takes the n-best candidate text representation(s)(“word sequence(s)” or “token sequence(s)”) generated by STT processingmodule 730, and attempts to associate each of the candidate textrepresentations with one or more “actionable intents” recognized by thedigital assistant. An “actionable intent” (or “user intent”) representsa task that can be performed by the digital assistant, and can have anassociated task flow implemented in task flow models 754. The associatedtask flow is a series of programmed actions and steps that the digitalassistant takes in order to perform the task. The scope of a digitalassistant's capabilities is dependent on the number and variety of taskflows that have been implemented and stored in task flow models 754, orin other words, on the number and variety of “actionable intents” thatthe digital assistant recognizes. The effectiveness of the digitalassistant, however, also dependents on the assistant's ability to inferthe correct “actionable intent(s)” from the user request expressed innatural language.

In some examples, in addition to the sequence of words or tokensobtained from STT processing module 730, natural language processingmodule 732 also receives contextual information associated with the userrequest, e.g., from I/O processing module 728. The natural languageprocessing module 732 optionally uses the contextual information toclarify, supplement, and/or further define the information contained inthe candidate text representations received from STT processing module730. The contextual information includes, for example, user preferences,hardware, and/or software states of the user device, sensor informationcollected before, during, or shortly after the user request, priorinteractions (e.g., dialogue) between the digital assistant and theuser, and the like. As described herein, contextual information is, insome examples, dynamic, and changes with time, location, content of thedialogue, and other factors.

In some examples, the natural language processing is based on, e.g.,ontology 760. Ontology 760 is a hierarchical structure containing manynodes, each node representing either an “actionable intent” or a“property” relevant to one or more of the “actionable intents” or other“properties.” As noted above, an “actionable intent” represents a taskthat the digital assistant is capable of performing, i.e., it is“actionable” or can be acted on. A “property” represents a parameterassociated with an actionable intent or a sub-aspect of anotherproperty. A linkage between an actionable intent node and a propertynode in ontology 760 defines how a parameter represented by the propertynode pertains to the task represented by the actionable intent node.

In some examples, ontology 760 is made up of actionable intent nodes andproperty nodes. Within ontology 760, each actionable intent node islinked to one or more property nodes either directly or through one ormore intermediate property nodes. Similarly, each property node islinked to one or more actionable intent nodes either directly or throughone or more intermediate property nodes. For example, as shown in FIG.7C, ontology 760 includes a “restaurant reservation” node (i.e., anactionable intent node). Property nodes “restaurant,” “date/time” (forthe reservation), and “party size” are each directly linked to theactionable intent node (i.e., the “restaurant reservation” node).

In addition, property nodes “cuisine,” “price range,” “phone number,”and “location” are sub-nodes of the property node “restaurant,” and areeach linked to the “restaurant reservation” node (i.e., the actionableintent node) through the intermediate property node “restaurant.” Foranother example, as shown in FIG. 7C, ontology 760 also includes a “setreminder” node (i.e., another actionable intent node). Property nodes“date/time” (for setting the reminder) and “subject” (for the reminder)are each linked to the “set reminder” node. Since the property“date/time” is relevant to both the task of making a restaurantreservation and the task of setting a reminder, the property node“date/time” is linked to both the “restaurant reservation” node and the“set reminder” node in ontology 760.

An actionable intent node, along with its linked property nodes, isdescribed as a “domain.” In the present discussion, each domain isassociated with a respective actionable intent, and refers to the groupof nodes (and the relationships there between) associated with theparticular actionable intent. For example, ontology 760 shown in FIG. 7Cincludes an example of restaurant reservation domain 762 and an exampleof reminder domain 764 within ontology 760. The restaurant reservationdomain includes the actionable intent node “restaurant reservation,”property nodes “restaurant,” “date/time,” and “party size,” andsub-property nodes “cuisine,” “price range,” “phone number,” and“location.” Reminder domain 764 includes the actionable intent node “setreminder,” and property nodes “subject” and “date/time.” In someexamples, ontology 760 is made up of many domains. Each domain sharesone or more property nodes with one or more other domains. For example,the “date/time” property node is associated with many different domains(e.g., a scheduling domain, a travel reservation domain, a movie ticketdomain, etc.), in addition to restaurant reservation domain 762 andreminder domain 764.

While FIG. 7C illustrates two example domains within ontology 760, otherdomains include, for example, “find a movie,” “initiate a phone call,”“find directions,” “schedule a meeting,” “send a message,” and “providean answer to a question,” “read a list,” “providing navigationinstructions,” “provide instructions for a task” and so on. A “send amessage” domain is associated with a “send a message” actionable intentnode, and further includes property nodes such as “recipient(s),”“message type,” and “message body.” The property node “recipient” isfurther defined, for example, by the sub-property nodes such as“recipient name” and “message address.”

In some examples, ontology 760 includes all the domains (and henceactionable intents) that the digital assistant is capable ofunderstanding and acting upon. In some examples, ontology 760 ismodified, such as by adding or removing entire domains or nodes, or bymodifying relationships between the nodes within the ontology 760.

In some examples, nodes associated with multiple related actionableintents are clustered under a “super domain” in ontology 760. Forexample, a “travel” super-domain includes a cluster of property nodesand actionable intent nodes related to travel. The actionable intentnodes related to travel includes “airline reservation,” “hotelreservation,” “car rental,” “get directions,” “find points of interest,”and so on. The actionable intent nodes under the same super domain(e.g., the “travel” super domain) have many property nodes in common.For example, the actionable intent nodes for “airline reservation,”“hotel reservation,” “car rental,” “get directions,” and “find points ofinterest” share one or more of the property nodes “start location,”“destination,” “departure date/time,” “arrival date/time,” and “partysize.”

In some examples, each node in ontology 760 is associated with a set ofwords and/or phrases that are relevant to the property or actionableintent represented by the node. The respective set of words and/orphrases associated with each node are the so-called “vocabulary”associated with the node. The respective set of words and/or phrasesassociated with each node are stored in vocabulary index 744 inassociation with the property or actionable intent represented by thenode. For example, returning to FIG. 7B, the vocabulary associated withthe node for the property of “restaurant” includes words such as “food,”“drinks,” “cuisine,” “hungry,” “eat,” “pizza,” “fast food,” “meal,” andso on. For another example, the vocabulary associated with the node forthe actionable intent of “initiate a phone call” includes words andphrases such as “call,” “phone,” “dial,” “ring,” “call this number,”“make a call to,” and so on. The vocabulary index 744 optionallyincludes words and phrases in different languages.

Natural language processing module 732 receives the candidate textrepresentations (e.g., text string(s) or token sequence(s)) from STTprocessing module 730, and for each candidate representation, determineswhat nodes are implicated by the words in the candidate textrepresentation. In some examples, if a word or phrase in the candidatetext representation is found to be associated with one or more nodes inontology 760 (via vocabulary index 744), the word or phrase “triggers”or “activates” those nodes. Based on the quantity and/or relativeimportance of the activated nodes, natural language processing module732 selects one of the actionable intents as the task that the userintended the digital assistant to perform. In some examples, the domainthat has the most “triggered” nodes is selected. In some examples, thedomain having the highest confidence value (e.g., based on the relativeimportance of its various triggered nodes) is selected. In someexamples, the domain is selected based on a combination of the numberand the importance of the triggered nodes. In some examples, additionalfactors are considered in selecting the node as well, such as whetherthe digital assistant has previously correctly interpreted a similarrequest from a user.

User data 748 includes user-specific information, such as user-specificvocabulary, user preferences, user address, user's default and secondarylanguages, user's contact list, and other short-term or long-terminformation for each user. In some examples, natural language processingmodule 732 uses the user-specific information to supplement theinformation contained in the user input to further define the userintent. For example, for a user request “invite my friends to mybirthday party,” natural language processing module 732 is able toaccess user data 748 to determine who the “friends” are and when andwhere the “birthday party” would be held, rather than requiring the userto provide such information explicitly in his/her request.

It should be recognized that in some examples, natural languageprocessing module 732 is implemented using one or more machine learningmechanisms (e.g., neural networks). In particular, the one or moremachine learning mechanisms are configured to receive a candidate textrepresentation and contextual information associated with the candidatetext representation. Based on the candidate text representation and theassociated contextual information, the one or more machine learningmechanisms are configured to determine intent confidence scores over aset of candidate actionable intents. Natural language processing module732 can select one or more candidate actionable intents from the set ofcandidate actionable intents based on the determined intent confidencescores. In some examples, an ontology (e.g., ontology 760) is also usedto select the one or more candidate actionable intents from the set ofcandidate actionable intents.

Other details of searching an ontology based on a token string aredescribed in U.S. Utility application Ser. No. 12/341,743 for “Methodand Apparatus for Searching Using An Active Ontology,” filed Dec. 22,2008, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein byreference.

In some examples, once natural language processing module 732 identifiesan actionable intent (or domain) based on the user request, naturallanguage processing module 732 generates a structured query to representthe identified actionable intent. In some examples, the structured queryincludes parameters for one or more nodes within the domain for theactionable intent, and at least some of the parameters are populatedwith the specific information and requirements specified in the userrequest. For example, the user says “Make me a dinner reservation at asushi place at 7.” In this case, natural language processing module 732is able to correctly identify the actionable intent to be “restaurantreservation” based on the user input. According to the ontology, astructured query for a “restaurant reservation” domain includesparameters such as {Cuisine}, {Time}, {Date}, {Party Size}, and thelike. In some examples, based on the speech input and the text derivedfrom the speech input using STT processing module 730, natural languageprocessing module 732 generates a partial structured query for therestaurant reservation domain, where the partial structured queryincludes the parameters (Cuisine=“Sushi”) and (Time=“7 pm”). However, inthis example, the user's utterance contains insufficient information tocomplete the structured query associated with the domain. Therefore,other necessary parameters such as (Party Size) and (Date) are notspecified in the structured query based on the information currentlyavailable. In some examples, natural language processing module 732populates some parameters of the structured query with receivedcontextual information. For example, in some examples, if the userrequested a sushi restaurant “near me,” natural language processingmodule 732 populates a (location) parameter in the structured query withGPS coordinates from the user device.

In some examples, natural language processing module 732 identifiesmultiple candidate actionable intents for each candidate textrepresentation received from STT processing module 730. Further, in someexamples, a respective structured query (partial or complete) isgenerated for each identified candidate actionable intent. Naturallanguage processing module 732 determines an intent confidence score foreach candidate actionable intent and ranks the candidate actionableintents based on the intent confidence scores. In some examples, naturallanguage processing module 732 passes the generated structured query (orqueries), including any completed parameters, to task flow processingmodule 736 (“task flow processor”). In some examples, the structuredquery (or queries) for the m-best (e.g., m highest ranked) candidateactionable intents are provided to task flow processing module 736,where m is a predetermined integer greater than zero. In some examples,the structured query (or queries) for the m-best candidate actionableintents are provided to task flow processing module 736 with thecorresponding candidate text representation(s).

Other details of inferring a user intent based on multiple candidateactionable intents determined from multiple candidate textrepresentations of a speech input are described in U.S. Utilityapplication Ser. No. 14/298,725 for “System and Method for InferringUser Intent From Speech Inputs,” filed Jun. 6, 2014, the entiredisclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

Task flow processing module 736 is configured to receive the structuredquery (or queries) from natural language processing module 732, completethe structured query, if necessary, and perform the actions required to“complete” the user's ultimate request. In some examples, the variousprocedures necessary to complete these tasks are provided in task flowmodels 754. In some examples, task flow models 754 include proceduresfor obtaining additional information from the user and task flows forperforming actions associated with the actionable intent.

As described above, in order to complete a structured query, task flowprocessing module 736 needs to initiate additional dialogue with theuser in order to obtain additional information, and/or disambiguatepotentially ambiguous utterances. When such interactions are necessary,task flow processing module 736 invokes dialogue flow processing module734 to engage in a dialogue with the user. In some examples, dialogueflow processing module 734 determines how (and/or when) to ask the userfor the additional information and receives and processes the userresponses. The questions are provided to and answers are received fromthe users through I/O processing module 728. In some examples, dialogueflow processing module 734 presents dialogue output to the user viaaudio and/or visual output, and receives input from the user via spokenor physical (e.g., clicking) responses. Continuing with the exampleabove, when task flow processing module 736 invokes dialogue flowprocessing module 734 to determine the “party size” and “date”information for the structured query associated with the domain“restaurant reservation,” dialogue flow processing module 734 generatesquestions such as “For how many people?” and “On which day?” to pass tothe user. Once answers are received from the user, dialogue flowprocessing module 734 then populates the structured query with themissing information, or pass the information to task flow processingmodule 736 to complete the missing information from the structuredquery.

Once task flow processing module 736 has completed the structured queryfor an actionable intent, task flow processing module 736 proceeds toperform the ultimate task associated with the actionable intent.Accordingly, task flow processing module 736 executes the steps andinstructions in the task flow model according to the specific parameterscontained in the structured query. For example, the task flow model forthe actionable intent of “restaurant reservation” includes steps andinstructions for contacting a restaurant and actually requesting areservation for a particular party size at a particular time. Forexample, using a structured query such as: {restaurant reservation,restaurant=ABC Café, date=Mar. 12, 2012, time=7 pm, party size=5}, taskflow processing module 736 performs the steps of: (1) logging onto aserver of the ABC Café or a restaurant reservation system such asOPENTABLE®, (2) entering the date, time, and party size information in aform on the website, (3) submitting the form, and (4) making a calendarentry for the reservation in the user's calendar.

In some examples, task flow processing module 736 employs the assistanceof service processing module 738 (“service processing module”) tocomplete a task requested in the user input or to provide aninformational answer requested in the user input. For example, serviceprocessing module 738 acts on behalf of task flow processing module 736to make a phone call, set a calendar entry, invoke a map search, invokeor interact with other user applications installed on the user device,and invoke or interact with third-party services (e.g., a restaurantreservation portal, a social networking website, a banking portal,etc.). In some examples, the protocols and application programminginterfaces (API) required by each service are specified by a respectiveservice model among service models 756. Service processing module 738accesses the appropriate service model for a service and generatesrequests for the service in accordance with the protocols and APIsrequired by the service according to the service model.

For example, if a restaurant has enabled an online reservation service,the restaurant submits a service model specifying the necessaryparameters for making a reservation and the APIs for communicating thevalues of the necessary parameter to the online reservation service.When requested by task flow processing module 736, service processingmodule 738 establishes a network connection with the online reservationservice using the web address stored in the service model, and sends thenecessary parameters of the reservation (e.g., time, date, party size)to the online reservation interface in a format according to the API ofthe online reservation service.

In some examples, natural language processing module 732, dialogue flowprocessing module 734, and task flow processing module 736 are usedcollectively and iteratively to infer and define the user's intent,obtain information to further clarify and refine the user intent, andfinally generate a response (i.e., an output to the user, or thecompletion of a task) to fulfill the user's intent. The generatedresponse is a dialogue response to the speech input that at leastpartially fulfills the user's intent. Further, in some examples, thegenerated response is output as a speech output. In these examples, thegenerated response is sent to speech synthesis processing module 740(e.g., speech synthesizer) where it can be processed to synthesize thedialogue response in speech form. In yet other examples, the generatedresponse is data content relevant to satisfying a user request in thespeech input.

In examples where task flow processing module 736 receives multiplestructured queries from natural language processing module 732, taskflow processing module 736 initially processes the first structuredquery of the received structured queries to attempt to complete thefirst structured query and/or execute one or more tasks or actionsrepresented by the first structured query. In some examples, the firststructured query corresponds to the highest ranked actionable intent. Inother examples, the first structured query is selected from the receivedstructured queries based on a combination of the corresponding speechrecognition confidence scores and the corresponding intent confidencescores. In some examples, if task flow processing module 736 encountersan error during processing of the first structured query (e.g., due toan inability to determine a necessary parameter), the task flowprocessing module 736 can proceed to select and process a secondstructured query of the received structured queries that corresponds toa lower ranked actionable intent. The second structured query isselected, for example, based on the speech recognition confidence scoreof the corresponding candidate text representation, the intentconfidence score of the corresponding candidate actionable intent, amissing necessary parameter in the first structured query, or anycombination thereof.

Speech synthesis processing module 740 is configured to synthesizespeech outputs for presentation to the user. Speech synthesis processingmodule 740 synthesizes speech outputs based on text provided by thedigital assistant. For example, the generated dialogue response is inthe form of a text string. Speech synthesis processing module 740converts the text string to an audible speech output. Speech synthesisprocessing module 740 uses any appropriate speech synthesis technique inorder to generate speech outputs from text, including, but not limited,to concatenative synthesis, unit selection synthesis, diphone synthesis,domain-specific synthesis, formant synthesis, articulatory synthesis,hidden Markov model (HMM) based synthesis, and sinewave synthesis. Insome examples, speech synthesis processing module 740 is configured tosynthesize individual words based on phonemic strings corresponding tothe words. For example, a phonemic string is associated with a word inthe generated dialogue response. The phonemic string is stored inmetadata associated with the word. Speech synthesis processing module740 is configured to directly process the phonemic string in themetadata to synthesize the word in speech form.

In some examples, instead of (or in addition to) using speech synthesisprocessing module 740, speech synthesis is performed on a remote device(e.g., the server system 108), and the synthesized speech is sent to theuser device for output to the user. For example, this can occur in someimplementations where outputs for a digital assistant are generated at aserver system. And because server systems generally have more processingpower or resources than a user device, it is possible to obtain higherquality speech outputs than would be practical with client-sidesynthesis.

Additional details on digital assistants can be found in the U.S.Utility application Ser. No. 12/987,982, entitled “Intelligent AutomatedAssistant,” filed Jan. 10, 2011, and U.S. Utility application Ser. No.13/251,088, entitled “Generating and Processing Task Items ThatRepresent Tasks to Perform,” filed Sep. 30, 2011, the entire disclosuresof which are incorporated herein by reference.

4. Exemplary Techniques for Operating a Virtual Assistant

FIGS. 8A-D depict exemplary techniques for operating a virtual assistantat an electronic device 800. Device 800 is, for example, similar or thesame as device 200 or 400, described above. In some examples, device 800includes the modules and functions of a digital assistant describedabove in FIGS. 7A-7C. In some examples, device 800 includes thecomponents and functions of system 900 (FIG. 9), described below.

As described below, in some examples, depending on how a virtualassistant session is initiated, different default behaviors fordeactivating the virtual assistant session are employed. For example, ifuser input received via a button of the electronic device initiates thevirtual assistant session, it may be likely that the user is holding thedevice and thus wishes to interact with the virtual assistant sessionfor an extended duration. Accordingly, as shown in FIG. 8A, the defaultbehavior for such manner of initiation is not to deactivate the virtualassistant session (e.g., until a display screen of the electronic deviceis powered off). As another example, if user input at an externalelectronic device (e.g., a wired or wireless headset) initiates thevirtual assistant session, it may be likely that the user initiates thevirtual assistant session for a quick request (e.g., to check theweather, to check stock prices, etc.). Accordingly, as shown in FIG. 8C,the default behavior for such manner of initiation is to deactivate thevirtual assistant session shortly after the request is completed (e.g.,after the virtual assistant provides a response).

However, in some examples, the default behavior associated with eachmanner of initiating a virtual assistant may be undesirable. Forexample, if the default behavior is not to deactivate the virtualassistant session, and the user is not engaged with the virtualassistant session, it can be undesirable to continue execution of thevirtual assistant session (e.g., because executing the virtual assistantsession consumes battery power and/or because the user is not interestedin interacting with the virtual assistant session). As another example,if the default behavior is to deactivate a virtual assistant sessionshortly after request completion, and a user is still engaged with thevirtual assistant session after request completion, it can beundesirable to deactivate the virtual assistant session (e.g., becausethe user is still reading a presented result and/or wishes to issueanother request to the virtual assistant session).

Accordingly, in some examples, it may be desirable to override a defaultbehavior for deactivating a virtual assistant session based on whetherthe user is engaged with the virtual assistant session. For example, ifthe default behavior is not to deactivate the virtual assistant session(e.g., until a display screen of the electronic device is powered off),it is determined whether the user is not engaged with the virtualassistant session. As shown in FIG. 8B, if the user is not engaged, thedefault behavior is overridden, and the virtual assistant deactivates(e.g., before the time a display is powered off). As another example, ifthe default behavior is to deactivate the virtual assistant sessionshortly after request completion, it is determined whether the user isengaged with the virtual assistant session after request completion. Asshown in FIG. 8D, if the user is engaged, the default behavior ofdeactivating the virtual assistant session shortly after requestcompletion is overridden, and the virtual assistant session continues toexecute.

FIG. 8A depicts an exemplary timeline of operating a virtual assistantsession on device 800 according to a default behavior of notdeactivating the virtual assistant session until a time defined by adevice setting (e.g., a time a display is powered off). As discussed, insome examples, the default behavior may be undesirable, resulting in avirtual assistant continuing to execute despite a user not being engagedwith it.

As shown, at time T1, device 800 initiates a virtual assistant sessionresponsive to receiving user input corresponding to one or morepredetermined types. For example, user 802 interacts with a button(e.g., a physical or a virtual button) on device 800 to cause device 800to initiate a virtual assistant session. In some examples, initiating avirtual assistant session includes providing audio output. In someexamples, initiating a virtual assistant session includes displaying auser interface associated with the virtual assistant session (e.g., inthe foreground of a user interface displayed on display 804). In someexamples, initiating a virtual assistant session includes powering onprocessor circuitry configured to operate a virtual assistant. In someexamples, initiating a virtual assistant includes initiating one or moreprograms or modules (e.g., digital assistant module 726).

In some examples, device 800 determines a type of the user input forinitiating the virtual assistant session. For example, device 800determines whether the type of the user input is a first type or asecond type. In some examples, the first type of user input includesgesture input (e.g., a swipe) received via a touch sensitive display ofan electronic device, input received via a physical button (e.g., a“home” button) of the electronic device, and/or via a virtual button(e.g., a button displayed on a display) of the electronic device. Insome examples, the second type of user input includes input receivedfrom an external electronic device (e.g., input from wired or wirelessheadsets), voice input (e.g., voice input for initiating a virtualassistant such as “Hey Siri”), and/or motion input (e.g., a motion of anelectronic device that initiates a virtual assistant).

In some examples, each type of the user input is associated withdifferent default behaviors for deactivating the virtual assistantsession. For example, device 800 infers from the first type of inputthat the user wishes to interact with the virtual assistant session foran extended duration. Accordingly, if device 800 determines that thetype of user input is the first type, the default behavior is not todeactivate the virtual assistant session (e.g., until a time a displayof the electronic device is powered off (e.g., not displaying)). Asanother example, device 800 infers from the second type of input thatthe user does not wish to interact with the virtual assistant sessionfor an extended duration. Accordingly, if device 800 determines that thetype of user input is the second type, the default behavior is todeactivate the virtual assistant session a predetermined duration (e.g.,a short duration) after the completion of the user request.

In the present example of FIG. 8A, the input for initiating the virtualassistant session is the first type of input (e.g., a swipe or virtualbutton). Accordingly, as shown, the default behavior is not todeactivate the virtual assistant session (e.g., until a time defined bya device setting).

After initiating the virtual assistant session, at time T2, user 802provides input to the virtual assistant session (e.g., “Set a timer forten minutes”). The virtual assistant of device 800 receives the inputand performs a task based on the input (e.g., according to thetechniques discussed above with respect to FIGS. 7A-C). For example, thevirtual assistant session performs the task of setting a timer andpresents the result “Setting the timer for 10 minutes” (e.g., on display804).

In some examples, a result presented during the virtual assistantsession is a final result (e.g., “Setting the timer for 10 minutes”).However, in some examples, some results presented during the virtualassistant session are not final results. For example, if the virtualassistant session is engaged in a multi-turn interaction (e.g., aninteraction where input is provided to the virtual assistant and thevirtual assistant responds by eliciting further input), the resulteliciting further input is not a final result. For example, if the userprovides the input “send a message,” and the virtual assistant sessionresponds by outputting “send a message to who?”, “send a message towho?” is not a final result. Accordingly, in some examples, a finalresult is a presented result for which no further user response isexpected and/or for which no further result is expected to be presentedby the virtual assistant.

Device 800 presents a final result for the virtual assistant session ata time (e.g., at time T3 in FIG. 8A). For example, if the virtualassistant provides audio output of the final result (e.g., the virtualassistant performs text-to-speech of “Setting the timer for 10 minutes”)the final result time is when the virtual assistant finishes providingthe audio output (e.g., finishes audio output of “10 minutes”). In someexamples, a virtual assistant session displays the final result (e.g.,displays “Setting the timer for 10 minutes” on display 804).Accordingly, in some examples, the final result time is when the finalresult is displayed. In some examples, the final result time is apredetermined duration (e.g., 0.5 seconds, 1 second, 2 seconds, etc.)after the time the final result is displayed.

In the present example, after device 800 presents the final result, user802 is no longer engaged with the virtual assistant session. Forexample, as shown, user 802 at time T4 is not looking at device 800 andhas dropped device 800 to be near his side. However, because user 802initiated the virtual assistant session using the first type of input(e.g., a button press), device 800 operates according to the defaultbehavior of not deactivating the virtual assistant session until a timedefined by a device setting (e.g., a screen lock time). As shown, thismay undesirably result in a virtual assistant continuing to execute(e.g., between times T4 and T5) even though a user is not engaged withit.

In some examples, the device setting is a user configurable settingassociated with a screen lock time or a screen dimming time. Forexample, a user specifies a screen lock time and/or a screen dimmingtime of 30 seconds, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 minutes. A screen lock time of 2minutes specifies, for instance, that the device powers off a displayscreen after 2 minutes of not detecting user input at the device (e.g.,tactile input, motion input, audio input, gaze input, and/or detectionof a user's face, etc.). In some examples, the device setting specifiesto not automatically power off the screen and/or to not automaticallydim the screen. In such examples, a virtual assistant session operatingaccording to a default behavior of not deactivating the virtualassistant session would not deactivate (e.g., until the electronicdevice runs out of battery).

In some examples, the device setting is a user configurable settingassociated with the virtual assistant. For example, a device settingspecifies to automatically deactivate the virtual assistant session apredetermined duration (e.g., 30 seconds, 1 minute, 2 minutes) after thetime at which the virtual assistant session was initiated. As anotherexample, a device setting specifies to automatically deactivate thevirtual assistant session a predetermined duration after the time atwhich a final result for the virtual assistant session is presented.

In some examples, device 800 automatically deactivates the virtualassistant session at the time defined by the device setting (e.g., attime T5 in FIG. 8A). For example, a screen lock setting specifies topower off display 804 five minutes after not detecting user input. Whendisplay 804 powers off at time T5, device 800 deactivates the virtualassistant session at time T5. As another example, a screen dimmingsetting specifies to dim display 804 five minutes after not detectinguser input. When display 804 dims, device 800 deactivates the virtualassistant session. In some examples, automatically deactivating thevirtual assistant session includes deactivating the virtual assistantsession without receiving explicit user input to deactivate the virtualassistant session. Explicit user input to deactivate a virtual assistantsession includes, for instance, a touch or a press of a physical or avirtual button, a swipe gesture on a display, and/or audio and/ortextual input (e.g., explicit audio and/or textual input fordeactivating a virtual assistant session such as “Shut off,” “Go away,”“turn off,” and the like).

In some examples, deactivating a virtual assistant session includesceasing the display of a user interface associated with the virtualassistant session (e.g., the display of a virtual assistant userinterface is replaced with the display of a home screen user interfaceor a user interface associated with another application). In someexamples, deactivating a virtual assistant session includes powering offa display. In some examples, deactivating a virtual assistant sessionincludes powering off processor circuitry (e.g., circuitry of a mainprocessor) configured to operate a virtual assistant. In some examples,deactivating a virtual assistant includes deactivating one or moreprograms or modules (e.g., digital assistant module 726).

As demonstrated by FIG. 8A, the default behavior of not deactivating avirtual assistant session until a time defined by a device setting maybe undesirable. In particular, there is a period (e.g., between T4 andT5) during which the virtual assistant continues to execute (e.g., avirtual assistant user interface is displayed in the foreground of theuser interface), despite the user not being engaged with the virtualassistant session. This may be a significant battery power andprocessing power drain for the device (e.g., especially if the screenlock time is long or the device setting specifies to not power off thescreen). Accordingly, in some examples, it may be desirable to overridea default behavior by automatically deactivating the virtual assistantwhen (or shortly after) it is determined that the user is not engagedwith the virtual assistant session.

FIG. 8B illustrates an exemplary timeline for automatically deactivatinga virtual assistant session. In FIG. 8B, a default behavior of notdeactivating a virtual assistant session (e.g., until a screen locktime) is overridden. In particular, as discussed below, a devicedetermines that the user is disinterested in (e.g., not engaged with)the virtual assistant session, and the device deactivates the virtualassistant session prior to the time associated with the device setting(e.g., the screen lock time).

In FIG. 8B, at time T1, user 802 initiates a virtual assistant sessionby providing user input (e.g., by interacting with a button of device800). In response, device 800 initiates a virtual assistant session. Forexample, device 800 displays a virtual assistant user interface ondisplay 804.

In some examples, device 800 determines a type of the user input. In thepresent example, because the user input was received via a button ofdevice 800, device 800 determines that the type of the user input is thefirst type. Accordingly, the default behavior is to not deactivate thevirtual assistant session until a time defined by a device setting(recall that in some examples, different types of input are respectivelyassociated with different default behaviors).

At time T2, user 802 provides input requesting a task (e.g., “Set atimer for 10 minutes”) to the virtual assistant session. Device 800determines a task based on the input, performs the task, and presents afinal result for the virtual assistant session at time T3. For example,device 800 presents the audio output “Setting the timer for 10 minutes”at time T3.

In some examples, after a time at which a final result for the virtualassistant session is presented, device 800 determines whether the useris disinterested in the virtual assistant session. For example, device800 determines whether the user is disinterested in the virtualassistant session a predetermined duration (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6seconds) after a time at which a final result for the virtual assistantsession is presented. In some examples, device 800 determines whetherthe user is disinterested in the virtual assistant session as soon asthe final result is presented. In some examples, device 800 determineswhether the user is disinterested in the virtual assistant session assoon as the virtual assistant session is initiated.

In some examples, device 800 determines whether the user isdisinterested in the virtual assistant session in accordance withdetermining that the type of the user input for initiating the virtualassistant session is the first type. For example, as discussed, thefirst type of input is associated with the default behavior of notdeactivating the virtual assistant session. Accordingly, device 800determines whether the user is disinterested with the virtual assistantsession to determine whether to override the default behavior (e.g., byautomatically deactivating the virtual assistant session before a screenlock time).

In some examples, determining whether the user is disinterested in thevirtual assistant session includes, determining based on data obtainedusing one or more sensors of an electronic device, whether one or morecriteria representing expressed user disinterest are satisfied. In someexamples, determining whether the user is disinterested in the virtualassistant session includes determining a probability of disinterest inthe virtual assistant session. For example, if one or more criteriarepresenting expressed user disinterest are satisfied, a probability ofdisinterest in the virtual assistant session is increased. If one ormore criteria representing expressed user disinterest are not satisfied,the probability of disinterest in the virtual assistant session isdecreased. In some examples, the user is determined to be disinterestedin the virtual assistant session if the probability of disinterest isgreater than a predetermined threshold and/or if one or more criteriarepresenting expressed user disinterest are satisfied.

Exemplary criteria representing expressed user disinterest are discussedbelow.

An exemplary criterion includes a direction of a user gaze. For example,device 800 includes one or more front and/or rear facing cameras. Device800 analyzes data collected by the one or more cameras to determine adirection of a user gaze. If device 800 determines that the direction ofthe user gaze is directed to the device, a criterion representingexpressed user disinterest is not satisfied. If device 800 determinesthat the direction of the user gaze is not directed to the device, acriterion representing expressed user disinterest is satisfied. In someexamples, if device 800 cannot determine a user gaze direction fromcamera data, the data is not considered in determining whether a user isdisinterested in the virtual assistant session. In some examples, ifdevice 800 cannot determine a user gaze direction from camera data(e.g., a user's face and/or gaze is not detected by one or morecameras), the data is considered to indicate that the user gaze is notdirected to the device.

An exemplary criterion includes a duration for which a user gaze isdetermined not to be directed to the device. For example, device 800collects data from one or more cameras and determines whether a usergaze is directed to the electronic device for a predetermined duration(e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, etc. seconds). If device 800determines that the user gaze is not directed to the device during thepredetermined duration (e.g., camera data indicates that a user gaze isnot directed to the device for any portion of the predeterminedduration), a criterion representing expressed user disinterest issatisfied. In some examples, if device 800 determines that the user gazeis directed to the electronic device during the predetermined duration(e.g., camera data indicates that a user gaze is directed to the devicefor at least a portion of the predetermined duration), a criterionrepresenting expressed user disinterest is not satisfied.

In some examples, determining whether a user gaze is directed to theelectronic device for a predetermined duration includes collecting oneor more samples of the user gaze during the predetermined duration. Forexample, during an exemplary predetermined duration of 6 seconds, device800 collects four samples of camera data. By way of example, a firstsample is collected at 0 seconds (e.g., a predetermined duration afterwhich a final result is presented), a second sample is collected at 2seconds, a third sample is collected at 4 seconds, and a fourth sampleis collected at 6 seconds. In some examples, if each of the samples ofcamera data indicates that a user gaze is not directed to the device, acriterion representing expressed user disinterest is satisfied. In someexamples, if at least one of the samples of camera data indicates that auser gaze is directed to the device, a criterion representing expresseduser disinterest is not satisfied. In some examples, if only the firstsample indicates that a user gaze is directed to the device, a criterionrepresenting expressed user disinterest is satisfied.

An exemplary criterion includes a determination that user gaze towardsthe electronic device has discontinued. In some examples, determiningthat user gaze towards the electronic device has discontinued includesdetermining that the user gaze is directed to the device at a firsttime, and then determining that the user gaze is no longer directed tothe device (e.g., for a predetermination duration) at a second timeafter the first time. In some examples, if device 800 determines thatuser gaze towards the electronic device has discontinued, a criterionrepresenting expressed user disinterest is satisfied. In some examples,if device 800 does not determine that user gaze towards the electronicdevice has discontinued, a criterion representing expressed userdisinterest is not satisfied.

An exemplary criterion includes whether a user face (or a portionthereof) is detected. For example, device 800 includes one or morecameras and device 800 analyzes data collected from the one or morecameras to determine whether a user face is detected (e.g., a particularuser's face, a human face not particular to any user). In some examples,if device 800 does not detect a user face, a criterion representingexpressed user disinterest is satisfied. In some examples, if device 800detects a user face, a criterion representing expressed user disinterestis not satisfied.

An exemplary criterion includes a duration for which a user face is notdetected. In some examples, determining a duration for which a user faceis not detected is performed analogously to the above describedtechniques for determining a duration for which a user gaze is notdirected to an electronic device.

An exemplary criterion includes that a user face is no longer detectedby the electronic device. In some examples, determining that the userface is no longer detected by the electronic device is performedanalogously to the above described techniques for determining that usergaze towards the electronic device has discontinued.

In some examples, a user chooses how he or she would like to deactivatethe virtual assistant session based on face detection and/or gazedetection. For example, device 800 includes a user configurable settingthat specifies either (1) to deactivate the virtual assistant sessionwhen a direction of a gaze is determined to not be directed to thedevice (e.g., for a predetermined duration) (e.g., even if a face isdetected) or (2) to deactivate the virtual assistant session when a faceis not detected (e.g., for a predetermined duration).

An exemplary criterion includes a lowering of the electronic device. Forexample, device 800 includes one or more sensors configured to detectmotion of the electronic device (e.g., accelerometer(s), gyroscope(s),magnetometer(s), etc.). Device 800 analyzes data collected using the oneor more sensors to determine a lowering of the device (e.g., a loweringof a device from near a user's face to near the user's waist, a loweringmotion placing the device on a table, etc.). If device 800 determinesthe lowering, a criterion representing expressed user disinterest issatisfied. If device 800 does not determine a lowering, a criterionrepresenting expressed user disinterest is not satisfied.

An exemplary criterion includes an orientation of the electronic device.For example, device 800 includes one or more sensors configured todetect an orientation of the device (e.g., gyroscopes(s), camera(s),proximity sensors(s), light sensor(s), etc.). Device 800 analyzes datacollected using the one or more sensors to determine whether theelectronic device is facing down (e.g., horizontal and a display facingdown). If device 800 determines it is facing down, a criterionrepresenting expressed user disinterest is satisfied. If device 800determines it is not facing down, a criterion representing expresseduser disinterest is not satisfied.

An exemplary criterion includes whether an electronic device is in anenclosed space. Exemplary enclosed spaces include a pocket, a bag, adrawer, a purse, etc. For example, device 800 includes one or moresensors configured to determine whether the electronic device is in anenclosed space (e.g., camera(s), light sensors(s), microphone(s),proximity sensor(s), etc.). Device 800 analyzes data collected from theone or more sensors to determine whether it is in an enclosed space. Anytechnique, currently known or later developed, for determining whetheran electronic device is in an enclosed space may be employed. Forexample, device 800 uses proximity sensor data indicating the presenceof an object very close to the device (e.g., touching the device, lessthan 2 cm away from the device, etc.) in conjunction with light sensordata indicating a low level of light to determine that the device is inan enclosed space. If device 800 determines that it is in an enclosedspace, a criterion representing expressed user disinterest is satisfied.If device 800 determines that it is not in an enclosed space, acriterion representing expressed user disinterest is not satisfied.

An exemplary criterion includes whether a display of an electronicdevice is covered (e.g., by a user hand). For example, device 800includes one or more sensors configured to determine whether a displayof the device is covered (e.g., camera(s), light sensors(s),microphone(s), proximity sensor(s), etc.). Device 800 analyzes datacollected from the one or more sensors to determine whether its displayis covered. For example, device 800 uses front-facing light sensor dataindicating that a low level of light (or no light) is detected and/orfront facing proximity sensor data indicating that an object is touchingthe display of the device to determine that the display is covered. Ifdevice 800 determines that its display is covered, a criterionrepresenting expressed user disinterest is satisfied. If device 800determines that its display is not covered, a criterion representingexpressed user disinterest is not satisfied.

In some examples, device 800 determines whether the user isdisinterested in the virtual assistant session for a first predeterminedduration (e.g., 15 seconds, 30 seconds, 45 seconds, 1 minute, etc.). Forexample, device 800 determines whether the user is disinterested in thevirtual assistant session for a first predetermined duration after thetime at which a final result for the virtual assistant session ispresented (e.g., time T3). In some examples, if device 800 determinesthat the user is disinterested in the virtual assistant session duringthe first predetermined duration, device 800 automatically deactivatesthe virtual assistant session (e.g., when user disinterest isdetermined). In some examples, if device 800 does not determine that theuser is disinterested in the virtual assistant session during the firstpredetermined duration (e.g., none of the above criteria representingexpressed user disinterest is determined to be satisfied), device 800forgoes automatically deactivating the virtual assistant session (e.g.,until the time defined by a device setting) and device 800 ceasesdetermining whether the user is disinterested in the virtual assistantsession (e.g., ceases sampling camera data).

Accordingly, in some examples, if device 800 does not determine userdisinterest in a virtual assistant session during the firstpredetermined duration, device 800 resorts to a default behavior of notautomatically deactivating the virtual assistant session (e.g., untilthe time defined by a device setting). This may provide the advantage ofsaving battery power and processing power otherwise consumed bydetermining whether the user is disinterested in the virtual assistantsession (e.g., for longer than the first predetermined duration). Thismay also improve device usability by continuing execution of a virtualassistant session when the user is engaged with it (e.g., because ifuser disinterest is not determined during the first predeterminedduration, the user may likely be engaged with the virtual assistantsession).

In some examples, determining that a user is engaged with the virtualassistant session prevents automatic deactivation of the virtualassistant session (e.g., until a time defined by a device setting). Forexample, if device 800 determines that the user is engaged with thevirtual assistant session during the first predetermined duration (andbefore time T4 at which the virtual assistant deactivates due todetermining user disinterest), device 800 resorts to the defaultbehavior of not automatically deactivating the virtual assistantsession.

In some examples, if device 800 determines that the user is engaged withthe virtual assistant session during the first predetermined duration,device 800 continues to determine whether the user is disinterested inthe virtual assistant session for a second predetermined duration (e.g.,15 seconds, 30 seconds, 45 seconds, etc.). For example, device 800determines whether the user is disinterested in the virtual assistantsession (e.g., according to the examples discussed above) for a secondpredetermined duration starting from a time at which user engagement wasdetermined.

In some examples, determining whether the user is engaged with thevirtual assistant session includes, determining based on data obtainedusing one or more sensors of an electronic device, whether one or morecriteria representing expressed user engagement are satisfied. In someexamples, determining whether the user is engaged with the virtualassistant session includes determining a probability of engagement withthe virtual assistant session. For example, if one or more criteriarepresenting expressed user engagement are satisfied, a probability ofengagement with the virtual assistant session is increased. If one ormore criteria representing expressed user engagement are not satisfied,the probability of engagement with the virtual assistant session isdecreased. In some examples, the user is determined to be engaged withthe virtual assistant session if the probability of engagement isgreater than a predetermined threshold and/or if one or more criteriarepresenting expressed user engagement are satisfied.

Exemplary criteria representing expressed user engagement are discussedbelow.

An exemplary criterion includes a direction of a user gaze. For example,analogous to the above discussed techniques, device 800 determines adirection of a user gaze. If device 800 determines that the direction ofthe user gaze is directed to the device (e.g., for a predeterminedduration), a criterion representing expressed user engagement issatisfied. If device 800 determines that the direction of the user gazeis not directed to the device, a criterion representing expressed userengagement is not satisfied.

An exemplary criterion includes whether a user face (or a portionthereof) is detected. For example, analogous to the above discussedtechniques, device 800 analyzes obtained camera data to determinewhether a user's face is detected. If device 800 detects a user face, acriterion representing expressed user engagement is satisfied. If device800 does not detect a user face, a criterion representing expressed userengagement is not satisfied.

An exemplary criterion includes whether a touch on the electronic deviceis detected. For example, device 800 determines whether a touch isdetected on a touch sensitive display and/or on a touch sensitive buttonof the device. If device 800 detects a user touch, a criterionrepresenting expressed user engagement is satisfied. If device 800 doesnot detect a user touch, a criterion representing expressed userengagement is not satisfied.

An exemplary criterion includes a raising of an electronic device (e.g.,a raising motion lifting an electronic device to eye level). Forexample, device 800 determines whether data obtained using one or moremotion sensors indicate a raising of the device. If the data indicate araising, a criterion representing expressed user engagement issatisfied. If the data does not indicate a raising, a criterionrepresenting expressed user engagement is not satisfied.

In the example depicted in FIG. 8B, device 800 determines that user 802is disinterested in the virtual assistant session. For example, device800 determines that user 802's gaze is not directed to device 800.Further, device 800 does not detect any indication that the user isengaged with the virtual assistant session, for instance.

In some examples, in accordance with determining that the user isdisinterested in a virtual assistant session (e.g., prior to time T5defined by a device setting), device 800 automatically deactivates thevirtual assistant session at time T4 (e.g., prior to time T5). Forexample, at time T4, a home screen user interface replaces a virtualassistant user interface. In some examples, operating and displaying ahome screen user interface requires less battery and processing powerthan operating a virtual assistant (e.g., displaying a virtual assistantuser interface). Accordingly, as shown in FIG. 8B, battery andprocessing power are conserved by not operating the virtual assistantsession between deactivation time and the deactivation time defined bythe device setting (e.g., between T4 and T5).

In some examples, in accordance with determining that the user isdisinterested in a virtual assistant session (e.g., prior to a timedefined by a device setting), device 800 displays an affordanceindicating that the virtual assistant session will be deactivated. Forexample, device 800 displays an affordance on display 804 for apredetermined duration (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, etc. seconds). Duringthe predetermined duration, if a user interacts with the affordance(e.g., touches it and/or clicks it with a mouse cursor), deactivation ofthe virtual assistant session is forgone. For example, device 800resorts to a default behavior of not deactivating the virtual assistantsession (e.g., until time T5 defined by a device setting). If a userdoes not interact with the affordance, device 800 automaticallydeactivates the virtual assistant session at the end of thepredetermined duration. Accordingly, in some examples, a displayedaffordance provides a visual indication that deactivation is imminentand a user interacts with the affordance to prevent deactivation.

In some examples, in accordance with not determining that the user isdisinterested in the virtual assistant session, device 800 automaticallydeactivates the virtual assistant session at the time defined by thedevice setting (e.g., at time T5).

In some examples, the context of an electronic device affects whetherand/or how a virtual assistant session is deactivated. For example, if anavigation application was executing when the virtual assistant wasinitiated, it may be undesirable for a virtual assistant user interfaceto replace a user interface associated with the navigation applicationfor an extended duration. This may be because the user wishes to seenavigation instructions while driving. Accordingly, in some examples, ifthe navigation application was executing when the virtual assistantsession was initiated, the virtual assistant session automaticallydeactivates a short duration after a final result is presented.

Exemplary device contexts and how the device contexts affect virtualassistant deactivation are discussed below.

As discussed, an exemplary device context includes an applicationcontext. For example, device 800 determines whether a predeterminedapplication is executing on device 800 when the virtual assistantsession is initiated. If the predetermined application is executing, avirtual assistant session is automatically deactivated a short duration(e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 seconds) after a final result is presented.If the predetermined application is not executing, in some examples, thedevice determines whether to deactivate the virtual assistant sessionaccording to any of the techniques discussed herein. In some examples,the predetermined application is an application configured to providenavigation services (e.g., a maps application).

An exemplary device context includes whether the device is paired to anexternal electronic device. For example, device 800 determines whetherit is paired to an external electronic device through a wired orwireless communication medium (e.g., Bluetooth®, Wi-Fi, etc.). If device800 is paired to an external electronic device, a virtual assistantsession is automatically deactivated a short duration (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4,5, or 6 seconds) after a final result is presented. In some examples, anelectronic device being paired to an external electronic device (e.g., aBluetooth® enabled vehicle console) indicates that the user is in avehicle, and may not wish to be disturbed by an initiated virtualassistant session. Accordingly, in some examples, if device 800 ispaired to an external electronic device, device 800 automaticallydeactivates the virtual assistant session shortly after a final resultis presented.

An exemplary device context includes a device mode and/or setting. Forexample, device 800 determines whether it is in a “do not disturb mode”(e.g., a device mode where audio and/or haptic output notifying a userabout incoming communications is limited). If device 800 is in the “donot disturb” mode, device 800 automatically deactivates a virtualassistant session a short duration (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 seconds)after a final result is presented.

As another example, device 800 determines whether it is in a “low powermode” (e.g., a mode configured to save battery power). In some examples,device 800 enters a low power mode (e.g., by user request) if thebattery level of device 800 falls below a predefined level (e.g., below20%, 10%, 5%, etc.). If device 800 determines that it is in a low powermode, device 800 automatically deactivates a virtual assistant session ashort duration (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 seconds) after a final resultis presented. In this manner, if battery level is low, device 800automatically deactivates an initiated virtual assistant session shortlyafter request completion to save battery power.

It is to be understood that the above described contexts are merelyexemplary, and in some examples, other device contexts are considered indetermining whether and/or how to deactivate a virtual assistantsessions. For example, device 800 may consider its location, a currenttime, its speed of movement, its device type (e.g., phone, watch,speaker, vehicle console, etc.), whether it was locked (e.g., via apasscode) when the virtual assistant session was initiated, whether itwas outputting audio when the virtual assistant session was initiated, adomain of a result presented by the virtual assistant session, and/or atype of an external electronic device paired with it in determiningwhether and/or how to deactivate a virtual assistant session.

In some examples, device 800 determines whether one or more of the abovedescribed contexts satisfy a predetermined condition (e.g., apredetermined location, a predetermined time, a predetermined devicetype, a predetermined domain, etc.). If the context satisfies thepredetermined condition, the virtual assistant session operatesaccording to a first default behavior (e.g., automatically deactivatinga short duration (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 seconds) after a finalresult is presented). In some examples, device 800 determines whether tooverride the first default behavior according to the techniquesdiscussed herein. If the context does not satisfy the predeterminedcondition, the virtual assistant session operates according to a seconddefault behavior (e.g., not automatically deactivating until a timedefined by a device setting). In some examples, device 800 determineswhether to override the second default behavior according to thetechniques discussed herein.

FIG. 8C depicts an exemplary timeline of operating a virtual assistantsession according to a default behavior of automatically deactivating avirtual assistant session a predetermined duration (e.g., a shortduration) after a time at which a final result is presented. Asdiscussed, deactivating the virtual assistant session according to thepredetermined duration may be undesirable if the user is still engagingwith the virtual assistant session.

In FIG. 8C, at time T1 user 802 initiates a virtual assistant session byproviding input via an external electronic device (e.g., a press of abutton on wireless headset 806). Device 800 determines that the input isa second type of input, and operates the virtual assistant sessionaccording to a default behavior of automatically deactivating a virtualassistant session a predetermined duration after a time at which a finalresult is presented.

At time T2, user 802 provides a request to the virtual assistant session(e.g., “What's the news today?”). The virtual assistant performs a taskbased on the user request and presents a final result at time T3. Forexample, the virtual assistant session provides audio output “Here'ssome news” and displays one or more news articles (e.g., on display 804)at time T3.

User 802 is engaged with the virtual assistant session after the finalresult is presented. For example, as shown, a direction of user 802'sgaze is directed to device 800 (e.g., because user 802 is reading newsarticles). However, due to the default behavior, device 800automatically deactivates the virtual assistant session at time T4. TimeT4 is predetermined duration (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, etc. seconds) after timeT3 associated with the presentation of the final result. For example,device 800 replaces a virtual assistant user interface (containing newsarticles) with a home screen user interface at time T4.

As shown, such default behavior may be undesirable, as the virtualassistant session deactivates despite the user being engaged with thevirtual assistant session. Accordingly, in some examples, it can bedesirable to forgo automatically deactivating the virtual assistantsession.

FIG. 8D illustrates an exemplary timeline for forgoing automaticallydeactivating a virtual assistant session. In FIG. 8D, a default behaviorof automatically deactivating a virtual assistant session apredetermined duration after a final result is presented is overriddenbased on determining that the user is engaged with the virtual assistantsession.

In FIG. 8D, at time T1, user 802 initiates a virtual assistant sessionby providing input via an external electronic device (e.g., a press of abutton on wireless headset 806). The input is the second type of input.Accordingly, the default behavior is to deactivate the virtual assistantsession a predetermined duration after which a final result is presented(e.g., at time T4).

At time T2, user 802 provides a request to the virtual assistant session(e.g., “What's the news today?”). The virtual assistant performs a taskbased on the user request and presents a final result at time T3. Forexample, the virtual assistant session provides audio output “Here'ssome news” and displays one or more news articles. As discussed below,device 800 then determines whether the user is engaged with the virtualassistant session to determine whether to override the default behaviorof automatically deactivating the virtual assistant session shortlyafter request completion.

In some examples, device 800 determines whether the user is engaged withthe virtual assistant session as soon as a final result is presented. Insome examples, device 800 determines whether the user is engaged withthe virtual assistant session a predetermined duration (e.g., 1, 2, 3,4, 5, 6 seconds) after a time when a final result is presented.

In some examples, device 800 determines whether the user is engaged withthe virtual assistant session in accordance with determining that thetype of the user input for initiating the virtual assistant session isthe second type. For example, as discussed, the second type of input isassociated with the default behavior of automatically deactivating thevirtual assistant session shortly after request completion. Accordingly,device 800 determines whether the user is engaged with the virtualassistant session to determine whether to override the default behavior(e.g., by forgoing automatically deactivating the virtual assistantsession shortly after request completion).

In the present example, device 800 determines that user 802 is engagedwith the virtual assistant session (e.g., prior to time T4 at which thevirtual assistant session would automatically deactivate).

Determining whether a user is engaged with the virtual assistant sessionis performed according to any of the above discussed techniques. Forexample, device 800 determines that the user is engaged with the virtualassistant session if one or more criteria representing expressed userengagement are satisfied. For example, as shown in FIG. 8D, device 800determines that user 802 is engaged with the virtual assistant sessionbecause user 802's gaze is directed to device 800 (e.g., because user802 is reading news articles).

In some examples, in accordance with determining that a user is engagedwith a virtual assistant session (e.g., prior to time T4), device 800forgoes automatically deactivating the virtual assistant session at timeT4. For example, as shown, a virtual assistant user interface remainsdisplayed on display 804 at time T4. In this manner, device usability isimproved by forgoing automatically deactivating a virtual assistantsession when a user is engaged with it.

In some examples, in accordance with forgoing automatically deactivatingthe virtual assistant session at time T4, device 800 determines whethera user is disinterested in the virtual assistant session (e.g.,according to any of the above discussed techniques). For example, ifafter time T4, user 802 becomes disinterested in the virtual assistantsession (e.g., user 802 looks away from device 800), device 800automatically deactivates the virtual assistant session when the userdisinterest is detected (e.g., when or shortly after user 802 looksaway).

In some examples, in accordance with forgoing automatically deactivatingthe virtual assistant session at time T4, device 800 forgoesautomatically deactivating the virtual assistant session (e.g., until atime defined by a device setting).

In some examples, in accordance with not determining that a user isengaged with the virtual assistant session prior to time T4, device 800automatically deactivates the virtual assistant session at time T4. Forexample, if device 800 determines that none of the above describedcriteria representing expressed user engagement is satisfied prior totime T4, device 800 automatically deactivates the virtual assistantsession at time T4.

FIG. 9 illustrates a block diagram of a system configured to operate avirtual assistant session according to various examples. In someexamples, system 900 is implemented on a standalone computer system(e.g., any of devices 104, 106, 200, 400, 600, or 800). In someexamples, system 900 is distributed across multiple devices. Forexample, some of the components and functions of system 900 are dividedinto a server portion and a client portion, where the client portionresides on one or more user devices (e.g., devices 104, 106, 200, 400,600, or 800) and communicates with the server portion (e.g., serversystem 108) through one or more networks, e.g., as shown in FIG. 1.

The respective functions of each of the blocks of FIG. 9 discussed beloware, optionally implemented by hardware, software, or a combination ofhardware and software to carry out the principles of the examplesdescribed herein. Further, it should be noted that system 900 is onlyone example of a system for deactivating a virtual assistant session andsystem 900 can have more or fewer components than shown, can combine twoor more components, or can have a different configuration or arrangementof the components. Further, although the below discussion describesfunctions being performed at a single component of system 900, it is tobe understood that such functions can be performed at other componentsof system 900 and that such functions can be performed at more than onecomponent of system 900.

System 900 includes input unit 902, virtual assistant unit 918, userengagement unit 920, settings unit 922, type determining unit 924, andcontext unit 926. In some examples, the components of system 900 includeinstructions for automatically deactivating a virtual assistant sessionand for foregoing automatically deactivating a virtual assistant sessiondescribed in FIGS. 8B and 8D above. In some examples, the components ofsystem 900 include instructions for performing the operations of process1000 (FIGS. 10A-B), described below.

Input unit 902 includes various input devices, such as one or morecameras 904, one or more accelerometers 906, one or more microphones908, one or more gyroscopes 910, one or more light sensors 912, one ormore proximity sensors 914, and/or one or more touch sensors 916 (e.g.,a touch sensitive button, a touch sensitive display screen, etc.). Thedepicted input devices are merely exemplary, and many other types ofinput devices can be included in input unit 902.

Inputs respectively collected by the various input devices are providedto, for instance, user engagement unit 920 and virtual assistant unit918. As discussed below, based on input from input unit 902, userengagement unit 920 and/or virtual assistant unit 918 determine whetherto deactivate a virtual assistant session according to the techniquesdiscussed herein.

Virtual assistant unit 918 is configured to operate a virtual assistantsession according to any of the techniques discussed herein. Forexample, virtual assistant unit 918 provides the functionalitiesdiscussed above with respect to FIGS. 7A-C. In some examples, virtualassistant unit 918 initiates a virtual assistant session responsive toreceiving user input. In some examples, virtual assistant unit 918automatically deactivates a virtual assistant session (e.g., based on adetermination from user engagement unit 920 to automatically deactivatea virtual assistant session).

User engagement unit 920 determines whether a user is engaged with avirtual assistant session according to any of the techniques discussedherein. For example, user engagement unit 920 determines whether one ormore criteria representing expressed user engagement are satisfied anddetermines whether one or more criteria representing expressed userdisinterest are satisfied. In some examples, user engagement unit 920determines to automatically deactivate a virtual assistant session(e.g., at a time) according to any of the examples discussed herein. Insome examples, user engagement unit 920 determines to forgoautomatically deactivating a virtual assistant session (e.g., at a time)according to any of the examples discussed herein.

In some examples, user engagement unit 920 includes a neural networkand/or is implemented using any suitable machine learning technique. Forexample, based on inputs respectively provided by input unit 902,settings unit 922, type determining unit 924, and/or context unit 926, amachine learning model determines whether and/or when to deactivate avirtual assistant session according to the examples herein. In someexamples, the machine learning model is trained (e.g., over time) todetermine whether and/or when to deactivate a virtual assistant sessionbased on the respective inputs.

Settings unit 922 is configured to operate an electronic deviceaccording to device settings. For example, settings unit 922 isconfigured to accept user input specifying a device setting (e.g., ascreen lock time) and to operate an electronic device according to thedevice setting. In some examples, settings unit 922 provides one or moredevice settings to user engagement unit 920 and user engagement unit 920considers the one or more device settings in determining whether and/orwhen to deactivate a virtual assistant session according to thetechniques discussed herein.

Type determining unit 924 is configured to determine a type of userinput for initiating a virtual assistant session. For example, typedetermining unit 924 determines whether user input is a first type or asecond type according to the examples herein. In some examples, typedetermining unit 924 provides a determined user input type to userengagement unit 920. User engagement unit 920 determines whether and/orwhen to deactivate the virtual assistant session based on the determineduser input type according to the examples herein.

Context unit 926 is configured to determine a context of the electronicdevice according to the examples herein. For example, context unit 926determines whether a predetermined application is executing when avirtual assistant is initiated. In some examples, context unit 926provides one or more determined contexts to user engagement unit 920.User engagement unit 920 determines whether and/or when to deactivatethe virtual assistant session based on the one or more determinedcontexts according to the examples herein.

5. Process for Automatically Deactivating a Virtual Assistant Session

FIGS. 10A-B illustrate process 1000 for operating a digital assistantaccording to various examples. Process 1000 is performed, for example,using one or more electronic devices implementing a digital assistant(e.g., device 800). In some examples, process 1000 is performed using aclient-server system (e.g., system 100), and the blocks of process 1000are divided up in any manner between the server (e.g., DA server 106)and a client device. In other examples, the blocks of process 1000 aredivided up between the server and multiple client devices (e.g., amobile phone and a smart watch). Thus, while portions of process 1000are described herein as being performed by particular devices of aclient-server system, it will be appreciated that process 1000 is not solimited. In other examples, process 1000 is performed using only aclient device (e.g., user device 104) or only multiple client devices.In process 1000, some blocks are, optionally, combined, the order ofsome blocks is, optionally, changed, and some blocks are, optionally,omitted. In some examples, additional steps may be performed incombination with process 1000.

As described below, process 1000 includes initiating a virtual assistantsession responsive to receiving user input (e.g., a button press oraudio input such as “Hey Siri”). In some examples, as discussed, a typeof the user input is determined and different strategies fordeactivating the virtual assistant session are employed depending on thedetermined input type. For example, in accordance with determining thatthe input is a first type (e.g., a button press), it is determinedwhether one or more criteria representing expressed user disinterest aresatisfied (e.g., whether a user gaze is not directed to an electronicdevice). In accordance with determining that the one or more criteriarepresenting expressed user disinterest are satisfied prior to a firsttime defined by a setting of an electronic device (e.g., prior to a timespecified by a screen lock setting), the virtual assistant session isautomatically deactivated prior to the first time. In accordance withdetermining that the one or more criteria representing expressed userdisinterest are not satisfied prior to the first time, the virtualassistant session is automatically deactivated at the first time (e.g.,when a display screen powers off).

In some examples, in accordance with determining that the input is asecond type (e.g., an audio input such as “Hey Siri”), it is determinedwhether one or more criteria representing expressed user engagement aresatisfied (e.g., whether a user gaze is directed to the device). Inaccordance with determining that the one or more criteria representingexpressed user engagement are satisfied prior to a second time apredetermined duration after a third time at which a final result forthe virtual session is presented (e.g., prior to when the virtualassistant session would automatically deactivate), deactivation of thevirtual assistant session at the second time is forgone. In accordancewith determining that the one or more criteria representing expresseduser engagement are not satisfied prior to the second time, the virtualassistant session is deactivated at the second time.

Determining, based on data obtained using one or more sensors of theelectronic device, whether one or more criteria representing expresseduser disinterest are satisfied (and/or whether one or more criteriarepresenting expressed user engagement are satisfied) allowsdetermination of whether a user is engaged with a virtual assistantsession. Knowing whether a user is engaged allows intelligent decisionmaking about whether to deactivate the virtual assistant session. Forexample, if the user is not engaged, a device can deactivate the virtualassistant session to save battery and processing power. As anotherexample, if the user is engaged, the device can forgo deactivating thevirtual assistant session so the user can continue interacting with thevirtual assistant session (and so the virtual assistant session does notdeactivate while the user is still interacting with it). In this manner,the user-device interface is made more efficient (e.g., by deactivatinga virtual assistant session when a user is not engaged with it, bypreventing deactivation of a virtual assistant session while the user isactively engaged with it, or by reducing user input to re-initiate anincorrectly deactivated virtual assistant session) which additionally,reduces power usage and improves battery life of the device by enablingthe user to use the device more quickly and efficiently.

At block 1002 a virtual assistant session is initiated (e.g., by virtualassistant unit 918) responsive to receiving user input (e.g., from inputunit 902). For example, as shown in FIG. 8B, a virtual assistant userinterface including “How can I help you?” is displayed on display 804.

In some examples, initiating the virtual assistant session includesproviding audio output. In some examples, initiating the virtualassistant session includes displaying a user interface associated withthe virtual assistant session (e.g., on display 804).

At block 1004, a type of the user input is determined (e.g., by unit924). As discussed, in some examples, different types of user input areassociated with different default behaviors for deactivating the virtualassistant session which may be overridden. Accordingly, determining thetype of the user input allows correct determination of a defaultbehavior for deactivating the virtual assistant session, which in turn,allows correct determination of the strategy used to override thedefault behavior. In this manner, a virtual assistant session may bedeactivated when a user is not engaged with it and may not bedeactivated when the user is engaged with it, making the user-deviceinterface more efficient as discussed above.

At block 1006, in accordance with initiating the virtual assistantsession, it is determined, based on data obtained using one or moresensors of the electronic device (e.g., data from input unit 902),whether one or more criteria representing expressed user disinterest aresatisfied (e.g., by unit 920).

In some examples, determining whether the one or more criteriarepresenting expressed user disinterest are satisfied is performed inaccordance with determining that the type of the user input is a firsttype (block 1004 FIRST TYPE). In some examples, the first type of userinput includes input received via a physical button on the electronicdevice or via a virtual button on the electronic device.

In some examples, a first final result for the virtual assistant sessionis presented at a second time and determining whether the one or morecriteria representing expressed user disinterest are satisfied isperformed after the second time. For example, determining whether theone or more criteria representing expressed user disinterest isperformed after time T3 in FIG. 8B.

Determining whether the one or more criteria representing expressed userdisinterest are satisfied after the second time allows user disinterestto be determined at an appropriate time. For example, the user is likelyinterested in the virtual assistant session before the second time(e.g., when the virtual assistant session is presenting a result), so itmay be unnecessary to determine whether the user is disinterested in thevirtual assistant session before the second time. In this manner,consumption of battery and processing power to determine userdisinterest at inappropriate times is prevented.

The below described techniques for determining whether one or morecriteria representing expressed user disinterest are satisfied may allowfor accurate determination that a user is disinterested in a virtualassistant session. In this manner, an electronic device can accuratelydetermine to deactivate a virtual assistant session when a user isdisinterested in it.

In some examples, the one or more criteria representing expressed userdisinterest are satisfied in accordance with determining that adirection of a user gaze is not directed to the electronic device (e.g.,by unit 920), as shown in block 1008.

In some examples, the one or more criteria representing expressed userdisinterest are satisfied in accordance with determining a lowering ofthe electronic device (e.g., by unit 920), as shown in block 1010.

In some examples, the one or more criteria representing expressed userdisinterest are satisfied in accordance with determining that theelectronic device is facing down (e.g., by unit 920), as shown in block1012.

In some examples, the one or more criteria representing expressed userdisinterest are satisfied in accordance with determining that theelectronic device is in an enclosed space (e.g., by unit 920), as shownin block 1014.

In some examples, the one or more criteria representing expressed userdisinterest are determined to be satisfied if one or more of therespective determinations of blocks 1008, 1010, 1012, and 1014 are made.

At block 1016, in accordance with determining that the one or morecriteria representing expressed user disinterest are satisfied prior toa first time (e.g., time T5 in FIG. 8B), the virtual assistant sessionis automatically deactivated prior to the first time (e.g., by unit 918at time T4 in FIG. 8B).

In some examples, the first time is defined by a setting of theelectronic device. In some examples, the setting of the electronicdevice is a user configurable setting associated with a screen lock timeor a screen dimming time.

In some examples, deactivating the virtual assistant session includesceasing the display of the user interface associated with the virtualassistant session. For example as shown in FIG. 8B, a virtual assistantuser interface displaying a result is replaced with a home screen userinterface.

In some examples, automatically deactivating the virtual assistantsession prior to the first time is performed at a fifth time (e.g., timeT4 in FIG. 8B), and automatically deactivating the virtual assistantsession at the fifth time is performed further in accordance with notdetecting a touch on a screen or on a button of the electronic devicebetween a third time associated with a second presentation of a secondfinal result for the virtual assistant session and the fifth time (e.g.,between times T3 and T4 in FIG. 8B). In some examples, thisadvantageously prevents deactivation of a virtual assistant session ifthe user is determined to be engaged with the virtual assistant session(e.g., a user touch likely indicates engagement with the virtualassistant session).

At block 1018, in accordance with determining that the one or morecriteria representing expressed user disinterest are not satisfied priorto the first time (e.g., by unit 920), the virtual assistant session isautomatically deactivated at the first time (e.g., time T5 in FIG. 8B).

In some examples, it is determined (e.g., by unit 926) whether apredetermined application (e.g., a maps application) is executing whenthe user input was received, as shown in block 1020.

In some examples, in accordance with a determination that thepredetermined application is executing when the user input was received,the virtual assistant session is deactivated a predetermined durationafter a fourth time associated with a third presentation of a thirdfinal result for the virtual assistant session, as shown in block 1022.

In some examples, it can be undesirable for a virtual assistant userinterface to disrupt the display of a user interface associated withcertain applications (e.g., especially in examples where display of avirtual assistant user interface replaces display of a user interfaceassociated with the application). For example, if the application isconfigured to provide navigation services (e.g., a maps application), itcan be undesirable to replace such application's user interface with avirtual assistant user interface for an extended duration (e.g., becausea user wishes to see navigation directions while driving, biking,running, etc.). Accordingly, deactivating a virtual assistant session inthis manner improves user experience by allowing a device to quicklyreturn to a desired application's user interface. User experience isfurther improved because the initiated virtual assistant can perform auser requested task and the effect of the initiated virtual assistant ondisplayed application user interfaces is minimized.

Returning to FIG. 10A, at block 1024, in accordance with initiating thevirtual assistant session, it is determined (e.g., by unit 920), basedon data obtained using one or more sensors of the electronic device,whether one or more criteria representing expressed user engagement aresatisfied.

In some examples, determining whether the one or more criteriarepresenting expressed user engagement are satisfied is performed inaccordance with determining that the type of the user input is a secondtype (block 1004 SECOND TYPE). In some examples, the second type of userinput includes input received from an external electronic device (e.g.,headset 806) or audio input.

The below described techniques for determining whether one or morecriteria representing expressed user engagement are satisfied may allowfor accurate determination that a user is engaged with a virtualassistant session. In this manner, an electronic device can accuratelydetermine to forgo deactivating the virtual assistant session when auser is engaged with it.

In some examples, the one or more criteria representing expressed userengagement are satisfied in accordance with determining that a directionof a user gaze is directed to the electronic device (e.g., by unit 920),as shown in block 1026.

In some examples, the one or more criteria representing expressed userengagement are satisfied in accordance with detecting a touch on abutton or on a screen of the electronic device (e.g., by unit 920), asshown in block 1028.

In some examples, the one or more criteria representing expressed userengagement are satisfied in accordance with determining a raising of theelectronic device (e.g., by unit 920), as shown in block 1030.

In some examples, the one or more criteria representing expressed userengagement are determined to be satisfied if one or more of therespective determinations of blocks 1026, 1028, and 1030 are made.

At block 1032, in accordance with determining that the one or morecriteria representing expressed user engagement are satisfied prior to afirst time (e.g., time T4 in FIG. 8D), deactivating the virtualassistant at the first time is forgone. The first time is apredetermined duration after a second time at which a final result forthe virtual assistant session is presented (e.g., time T3 in FIG. 8D).For example, as shown in FIG. 8D, at time T4, a virtual assistant userinterface displaying a result remains displayed.

At block 1034, in accordance with determining that the one or morecriteria representing expressed user engagement are not satisfied priorto the first time, the virtual assistant session is deactivated at thefirst time (e.g., by unit 918). In some examples, deactivating thevirtual assistant session includes ceasing the display of the userinterface associated with the virtual assistant session.

In some examples, it is determined (e.g., by unit 926) whether apredetermined application is executing when the user input was received,as shown in block 1036.

In some examples, in accordance with a determination that thepredetermined application is executing when the user input was received,the virtual assistant session is deactivated (e.g., by unit 918) asecond predetermined duration after the second time, as shown in block1038.

The operations described above with reference to FIGS. 10A-B areoptionally implemented by components depicted in FIGS. 1-4, 6A-B, 7A-C,8A-D, and 9. For example, the operations of process 1000 may beimplemented by, inter alia, virtual assistant unit 918 and userengagement unit 920. It would be clear to a person having ordinary skillin the art how other processes are implemented based on the componentsdepicted in FIGS. 1-4, 6A-B, and 7A-C, 8A-D, and 9.

In accordance with some implementations, a computer-readable storagemedium (e.g., a non-transitory computer readable storage medium) isprovided, the computer-readable storage medium storing one or moreprograms for execution by one or more processors of an electronicdevice, the one or more programs including instructions for performingany of the methods or processes described herein.

In accordance with some implementations, an electronic device (e.g., aportable electronic device) is provided that comprises means forperforming any of the methods or processes described herein.

In accordance with some implementations, an electronic device (e.g., aportable electronic device) is provided that comprises a processing unitconfigured to perform any of the methods or processes described herein.

In accordance with some implementations, an electronic device (e.g., aportable electronic device) is provided that comprises one or moreprocessors and memory storing one or more programs for execution by theone or more processors, the one or more programs including instructionsfor performing any of the methods or processes described herein.

The foregoing description, for purpose of explanation, has beendescribed with reference to specific embodiments. However, theillustrative discussions above are not intended to be exhaustive or tolimit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Many modificationsand variations are possible in view of the above teachings. Theembodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain theprinciples of the techniques and their practical applications. Othersskilled in the art are thereby enabled to best utilize the techniquesand various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to theparticular use contemplated.

Although the disclosure and examples have been fully described withreference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be noted that variouschanges and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in theart. Such changes and modifications are to be understood as beingincluded within the scope of the disclosure and examples as defined bythe claims.

As described above, one aspect of the present technology is thegathering and use of data available from various sources to improvedecision making about whether and/or when to deactivate a virtualassistant session. The present disclosure contemplates that in someinstances, this gathered data may include personal information data thatuniquely identifies or can be used to contact or locate a specificperson. Such personal information data can include demographic data,location-based data, telephone numbers, email addresses, twitter IDs,home addresses, data or records relating to a user's health or level offitness (e.g., vital signs measurements, medication information,exercise information), date of birth, or any other identifying orpersonal information.

The present disclosure recognizes that the use of such personalinformation data, in the present technology, can be used to the benefitof users. For example, the personal information data can be used todetermine that a user is engaged with a virtual assistant session (e.g.,through detection of the user's face). Accordingly, use of such personalinformation enables accurate determination of whether to deactivate avirtual assistant session based on determined user engagement. Further,other uses for personal information data that benefit the user are alsocontemplated by the present disclosure. For instance, health and fitnessdata may be used to provide insights into a user's general wellness, ormay be used as positive feedback to individuals using technology topursue wellness goals.

The present disclosure contemplates that the entities responsible forthe collection, analysis, disclosure, transfer, storage, or other use ofsuch personal information data will comply with well-established privacypolicies and/or privacy practices. In particular, such entities shouldimplement and consistently use privacy policies and practices that aregenerally recognized as meeting or exceeding industry or governmentalrequirements for maintaining personal information data private andsecure. Such policies should be easily accessible by users, and shouldbe updated as the collection and/or use of data changes. Personalinformation from users should be collected for legitimate and reasonableuses of the entity and not shared or sold outside of those legitimateuses. Further, such collection/sharing should occur after receiving theinformed consent of the users. Additionally, such entities shouldconsider taking any needed steps for safeguarding and securing access tosuch personal information data and ensuring that others with access tothe personal information data adhere to their privacy policies andprocedures. Further, such entities can subject themselves to evaluationby third parties to certify their adherence to widely accepted privacypolicies and practices. In addition, policies and practices should beadapted for the particular types of personal information data beingcollected and/or accessed and adapted to applicable laws and standards,including jurisdiction-specific considerations. For instance, in the US,collection of or access to certain health data may be governed byfederal and/or state laws, such as the Health Insurance Portability andAccountability Act (HIPAA); whereas health data in other countries maybe subject to other regulations and policies and should be handledaccordingly. Hence different privacy practices should be maintained fordifferent personal data types in each country.

Despite the foregoing, the present disclosure also contemplatesembodiments in which users selectively block the use of, or access to,personal information data. That is, the present disclosure contemplatesthat hardware and/or software elements can be provided to prevent orblock access to such personal information data. For example, in the caseof collecting and storing the user's facial characteristics, the presenttechnology can be configured to allow users to select to “opt in” or“opt out” of participation in the collection of personal informationdata during registration for services or anytime thereafter. In anotherexample, users can select not to provide data representing facialcharacteristics to an electronic device. In yet another example, userscan select to limit the length of time data representing facialcharacteristics is maintained or entirely prohibit the collection andusage of data representing facial characteristics. In addition toproviding “opt in” and “opt out” options, the present disclosurecontemplates providing notifications relating to the access or use ofpersonal information. For instance, a user may be notified upondownloading an app that their personal information data will be accessedand then reminded again just before personal information data isaccessed by the app.

Moreover, it is the intent of the present disclosure that personalinformation data should be managed and handled in a way to minimizerisks of unintentional or unauthorized access or use. Risk can beminimized by limiting the collection of data and deleting data once itis no longer needed. In addition, and when applicable, including incertain health related applications, data de-identification can be usedto protect a user's privacy. De-identification may be facilitated, whenappropriate, by removing specific identifiers (e.g., date of birth,etc.), controlling the amount or specificity of data stored (e.g.,collecting location data at a city level rather than at an addresslevel), controlling how data is stored (e.g., aggregating data acrossusers), and/or other methods.

Therefore, although the present disclosure broadly covers use ofpersonal information data to implement one or more various disclosedembodiments, the present disclosure also contemplates that the variousembodiments can also be implemented without the need for accessing suchpersonal information data. That is, the various embodiments of thepresent technology are not rendered inoperable due to the lack of all ora portion of such personal information data. For example, it can bedetermined whether a user is engaged with a virtual assistant sessionbased on non-personal information data or a bare minimum amount ofpersonal information, such as the content being requested by the deviceassociated with a user, other non-personal information such as anorientation and/or a raising or lowering of the device, or publiclyavailable information.

What is claimed is:
 1. A non-transitory computer-readable storage mediumstoring one or more programs, the one or more programs comprisinginstructions, which when executed by one or more processors of anelectronic device, cause the electronic device to: initiate a virtualassistant session responsive to receiving user input; determine whetherthe user input is of a first type or of a second type; in accordancewith a determination that the user input is of the first type:determine, based on first data obtained using one or more sensors of theelectronic device, whether one or more criteria representing expresseduser disinterest are satisfied; and in accordance with determining thatthe one or more criteria representing expressed user disinterest aresatisfied prior to a first time, automatically deactivate the virtualassistant session prior to the first time, wherein the first time isdefined by a setting of the electronic device; and in accordance with adetermination that the user input is of the second type: determine,based on second data obtained using the one or more sensors of theelectronic device, whether one or more criteria representing expresseduser engagement are satisfied; and in accordance with determining thatthe one or more criteria representing expressed user engagement aresatisfied prior to a second time, forgo deactivating the virtualassistant session at the second time, wherein the second time is apredetermined duration after a third time at which a final result forthe virtual assistant session is presented.
 2. The non-transitorycomputer readable storage medium of claim 1, wherein the first type ofuser input includes input received via a physical button on theelectronic device or via a virtual button on the electronic device. 3.The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 1, whereinthe second type of user input includes input received from an externalelectronic device or audio input.
 4. The non-transitory computerreadable storage medium of claim 1, wherein the one or more programsfurther comprise instructions, which when executed by the one or moreprocessors, cause the electronic device to: in accordance with adetermination that the user input is of the first type: in accordancewith determining that the one or more criteria representing expresseduser disinterest are not satisfied prior to the first time,automatically deactivate the virtual assistant session at the firsttime.
 5. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 1,wherein the one or more programs further comprise instructions, whichwhen executed by the one or more processors, cause the electronic deviceto: in accordance with a determination that the user input is of thesecond type: in accordance with determining that the one or morecriteria representing expressed user engagement are not satisfied priorto the second time, deactivate the virtual assistant session at thesecond time.
 6. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium ofclaim 1, wherein the setting of the electronic device includes a userconfigurable setting associated with a screen lock time or a screendimming time.
 7. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium ofclaim 1, wherein determining that the one or more criteria representingexpressed user disinterest are satisfied includes determining that adirection of a user gaze is not directed to the electronic device. 8.The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 1, whereindetermining that the one or more criteria representing expressed userengagement are satisfied includes determining that a direction of a usergaze is directed to the electronic device.
 9. The non-transitorycomputer readable storage medium of claim 1, wherein determining thatthe one or more criteria representing expressed user disinterest aresatisfied includes determining that the electronic device is facingdown.
 10. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim1, wherein determining that the one or more criteria representingexpressed user disinterest are satisfied includes determining that theelectronic device is in an enclosed space.
 11. The non-transitorycomputer readable storage medium of claim 1, wherein determining thatthe one or more criteria representing expressed user engagement aresatisfied includes detecting a touch on a button or on a screen of theelectronic device.
 12. The non-transitory computer readable storagemedium of claim 1, wherein determining that the one or more criteriarepresenting expressed user engagement are satisfied includesdetermining a raising of the electronic device.
 13. The non-transitorycomputer readable storage medium of claim 1, wherein the one or moreprograms further comprise instructions, which when executed by the oneor more processors, cause the electronic device to: determine whether apredetermined application is executing when the user input is received;in accordance with a determination that the user input is of the firsttype: in accordance with a determination that the predeterminedapplication is executing when the user input is received, deactivate thevirtual assistant session a second predetermined duration after a fourthtime associated with a presentation of a second final result for thevirtual assistant session; and in accordance with a determination thatthe user input is of the second type: in accordance with a determinationthat the predetermined application is executing when the user input isreceived, deactivate the virtual assistant session a third predeterminedduration after the third time.
 14. The non-transitory computer readablestorage medium of claim 1, wherein: a second final result for thevirtual assistant session is presented at a fourth time; and determiningwhether the one or more criteria representing expressed user disinterestare satisfied is performed after the fourth time.
 15. The non-transitorycomputer readable storage medium of claim 1, wherein: initiating thevirtual assistant session includes displaying a user interfaceassociated with the virtual assistant session.
 16. The non-transitorycomputer readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein: automaticallydeactivating the virtual assistant session prior to the first timeincludes ceasing the display of the user interface associated with thevirtual assistant session; and forgoing deactivating the virtualassistant session at the second time includes continuing to display theuser interface associated with the virtual assistant session.
 17. Anelectronic device, comprising: one or more processors; a memory; and oneor more programs, wherein the one or more programs are stored in thememory and configured to be executed by the one or more processors, theone or more programs including instructions for: initiating a virtualassistant session responsive to receiving user input; determiningwhether the user input is of a first type or of a second type; inaccordance with a determination that the user input is of the firsttype: determining, based on first data obtained using one or moresensors of the electronic device, whether one or more criteriarepresenting expressed user disinterest are satisfied; and in accordancewith determining that the one or more criteria representing expresseduser disinterest are satisfied prior to a first time, automaticallydeactivating the virtual assistant session prior to the first time,wherein the first time is defined by a setting of the electronic device;and in accordance with a determination that the user input is of thesecond type: determining, based on second data obtained using the one ormore sensors of the electronic device, whether one or more criteriarepresenting expressed user engagement are satisfied; and in accordancewith determining that the one or more criteria representing expresseduser engagement are satisfied prior to a second time, forgoingdeactivating the virtual assistant session at the second time, whereinthe second time is a predetermined duration after a third time at whicha final result for the virtual assistant session is presented.
 18. Theelectronic device of claim 17, wherein the first type of user inputincludes input received via a physical button on the electronic deviceor via a virtual button on the electronic device.
 19. The electronicdevice of claim 17, wherein the second type of user input includes inputreceived from an external electronic device or audio input.
 20. Theelectronic device of claim 17, wherein the one or more programs furtherinclude instructions for: in accordance with a determination that theuser input is of the first type: in accordance with determining that theone or more criteria representing expressed user disinterest are notsatisfied prior to the first time, automatically deactivating thevirtual assistant session at the first time.
 21. The electronic deviceof claim 17, wherein the one or more programs further includeinstructions for: in accordance with a determination that the user inputis of the second type: in accordance with determining that the one ormore criteria representing expressed user engagement are not satisfiedprior to the second time, deactivating the virtual assistant session atthe second time.
 22. The electronic device of claim 17, wherein thesetting of the electronic device includes a user configurable settingassociated with a screen lock time or a screen dimming time.
 23. Theelectronic device of claim 17, wherein determining that the one or morecriteria representing expressed user disinterest are satisfied includesdetermining that a direction of a user gaze is not directed to theelectronic device.
 24. The electronic device of claim 17, whereindetermining that the one or more criteria representing expressed userengagement are satisfied includes determining that a direction of a usergaze is directed to the electronic device.
 25. The electronic device ofclaim 17, wherein determining that the one or more criteria representingexpressed user disinterest are satisfied includes determining that theelectronic device is facing down.
 26. The electronic device of claim 17,wherein determining that the one or more criteria representing expresseduser disinterest are satisfied includes determining that the electronicdevice is in an enclosed space.
 27. The electronic device of claim 17,wherein determining that the one or more criteria representing expresseduser engagement are satisfied includes detecting a touch on a button oron a screen of the electronic device.
 28. The electronic device of claim17, wherein determining that the one or more criteria representingexpressed user engagement are satisfied includes determining a raisingof the electronic device.
 29. The electronic device of claim 17, whereinthe one or more programs further include instructions for: determiningwhether a predetermined application is executing when the user input isreceived; in accordance with a determination that the user input is ofthe first type: in accordance with a determination that thepredetermined application is executing when the user input is received,deactivating the virtual assistant session a second predeterminedduration after a fourth time associated with a presentation of a secondfinal result for the virtual assistant session; and in accordance with adetermination that the user input is of the second type: in accordancewith a determination that the predetermined application is executingwhen the user input is received, deactivating the virtual assistantsession a third predetermined duration after the third time.
 30. Theelectronic device of claim 17, wherein: a second final result for thevirtual assistant session is presented at a fourth time; and determiningwhether the one or more criteria representing expressed user disinterestare satisfied is performed after the fourth time.
 31. The electronicdevice of claim 17, wherein: initiating the virtual assistant sessionincludes displaying a user interface associated with the virtualassistant session.
 32. The electronic device of claim 31, wherein:automatically deactivating the virtual assistant session prior to thefirst time includes ceasing the display of the user interface associatedwith the virtual assistant session; and forgoing deactivating thevirtual assistant session at the second time includes continuing todisplay the user interface associated with the virtual assistantsession.
 33. A method for operating a virtual assistant, the methodcomprising: at an electronic device: initiating a virtual assistantsession responsive to receiving user input; determining whether the userinput is of a first type or of a second type; in accordance with adetermination that the user input is of the first type: determining,based on first data obtained using one or more sensors of the electronicdevice, whether one or more criteria representing expressed userdisinterest are satisfied; and in accordance with determining that theone or more criteria representing expressed user disinterest aresatisfied prior to a first time, automatically deactivating the virtualassistant session prior to the first time, wherein the first time isdefined by a setting of the electronic device; and in accordance with adetermination that the user input is of the second type: determining,based on second data obtained using the one or more sensors of theelectronic device, whether one or more criteria representing expresseduser engagement are satisfied; and in accordance with determining thatthe one or more criteria representing expressed user engagement aresatisfied prior to a second time, forgoing deactivating the virtualassistant session at the second time, wherein the second time is apredetermined duration after a third time at which a final result forthe virtual assistant session is presented.
 34. The method of claim 33,wherein the first type of user input includes input received via aphysical button on the electronic device or via a virtual button on theelectronic device.
 35. The method of claim 33, wherein the second typeof user input includes input received from an external electronic deviceor audio input.
 36. The method of claim 33, further comprising: inaccordance with a determination that the user input is of the firsttype: in accordance with determining that the one or more criteriarepresenting expressed user disinterest are not satisfied prior to thefirst time, automatically deactivating the virtual assistant session atthe first time.
 37. The method of claim 33, further comprising: inaccordance with a determination that the user input is of the secondtype: in accordance with determining that the one or more criteriarepresenting expressed user engagement are not satisfied prior to thesecond time, deactivating the virtual assistant session at the secondtime.
 38. The method of claim 33, wherein the setting of the electronicdevice includes a user configurable setting associated with a screenlock time or a screen dimming time.
 39. The method of claim 33, whereindetermining that the one or more criteria representing expressed userdisinterest are satisfied includes determining that a direction of auser gaze is not directed to the electronic device.
 40. The method ofclaim 33, wherein determining that the one or more criteria representingexpressed user engagement are satisfied includes determining that adirection of a user gaze is directed to the electronic device.
 41. Themethod of claim 33, wherein determining that the one or more criteriarepresenting expressed user disinterest are satisfied includesdetermining that the electronic device is facing down.
 42. The method ofclaim 33, wherein determining that the one or more criteria representingexpressed user disinterest are satisfied includes determining that theelectronic device is in an enclosed space.
 43. The method of claim 33,wherein determining that the one or more criteria representing expresseduser engagement are satisfied includes detecting a touch on a button oron a screen of the electronic device.
 44. The method of claim 33,wherein determining that the one or more criteria representing expresseduser engagement are satisfied includes determining a raising of theelectronic device.
 45. The method of claim 33, further comprising:determining whether a predetermined application is executing when theuser input is received; in accordance with a determination that the userinput is of the first type: in accordance with a determination that thepredetermined application is executing when the user input is received,deactivating the virtual assistant session a second predeterminedduration after a fourth time associated with a presentation of a secondfinal result for the virtual assistant session; and in accordance with adetermination that the user input is of the second type: in accordancewith a determination that the predetermined application is executingwhen the user input is received, deactivating the virtual assistantsession a third predetermined duration after the third time.
 46. Themethod of claim 33, wherein: a second final result for the virtualassistant session is presented at a fourth time; and determining whetherthe one or more criteria representing expressed user disinterest aresatisfied is performed after the fourth time.
 47. The method of claim33, wherein: initiating the virtual assistant session includesdisplaying a user interface associated with the virtual assistantsession.
 48. The method of claim 47, wherein: automatically deactivatingthe virtual assistant session prior to the first time includes ceasingthe display of the user interface associated with the virtual assistantsession; and forgoing deactivating the virtual assistant session at thesecond time includes continuing to display the user interface associatedwith the virtual assistant session.